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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/fortpittlettersf01darl 



I 

I 



FORT PITT. 




GENERAL JAMES O'HARA. 



FORT PITT 



Letters from the Frontier 



\V. ■ "^ a T S r\ . --14 -i V 1 I n ^ T n 



PITTSBURGH 

J. R. WELDIN & CO. 

1892 



•», 



\ 



Two Hundred Copies l^n'nted. 






Globe Printing Housk, 
philadelphia. 



PREFACE. 



The increase of interest in the frontier history of Penn- 
sylvania, caused by the establishment of the society called the 
"Daughters of the Revolution," has induced me to publish 
these historical documents. 

The principal occupants of this portion of Pennsylvania, 
when first explored, were the Six Nations : the Mohawks, 
Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas and the Tuscarawas. 

1749, Captain Celeron, a French officer, came to the Ohio 
and took possession of the country in the name of his king, 
Louis XV, of France, and deposited leaden plates at different 
places on the rivers Allegheny and Ohio. This is referred 
to in the "Olden Time," and parts of the journal have been 
published by others with notes. The journal of Celeron, as 
now published, was copied in Paris from the original in the 
Public Library, procured by the kindness of Monsieur 
Margry. The few notes needed were written by William M. 
Darlington. 

1754, Governor Dinwiddie claimed the Forks of the Ohio 

for Virginia. 

Captain Trent's company was sent here, under command 
of Ensign Ward, and commenced the erection of a fort. 

April 17th, Monsieur Contrecoeur descended the Alle- 
gheny River with his forces and demanded its surrender. 
Resistance was impossible and the surrender was made to 
Contrecoeur, who completed the fort, commenced by Ward, 

(5) 



O PREFACE. 

and called it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Governor of 
Canada. The history of this settlement is given in the 
"Olden Time," by Pittsburgh's historian, Neville B. Craig. 
• 1758, General Forbes advanced towards Fort Duquesne and 
it was abandoned by the French. Fort Pitt was then built 
by General Stanwix and was considered a formidable fortifi- 
cation. Colonel Bouquet built the redoubt, now standing, in 
1764. It was during the occupation of this fort by the Brit- 
ish that Captain Ecuyer was in command. No notes are 
needed with his journal and letters — they are complete and 
were copied for Mr. Darlington from the originals in the 
British Museum. 

The sketch of the life of General James O'Hara was com- 
piled from documents collected by Mr. Darlington and letters 
now in the possession of Mrs. McKnight and Miss Matilda 
Denny. Biographies or biographical notices and journals 
have been published of all the historical persons here men- 
tioned. The letters are copies of the original letters and 
sufficiently annotate these histories. 

The history of the organization of Allegheny County was 
written by Mr. Darlington by request of county officials. To 
those interested in the early history of the West this histori- 
cal collection is offered, in memory of William M. Darlington, 
by his wife, 

Mary Carson Darlington. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Preface 5 

Journal of Captain Celeron 9 

Campaign of 1758. — Letters of Generals Grant, Forbes and Bouquet 63 

Journal, Letters and Orderly Book of Captain S. Ecuyer 84 

Sketch of the Life of General O'Hara 200 

Letters from Ofificers of the Continental Army, from 1776- 1799 • ■ -21 
. Erection and Organization of Allegheny County, by William M. 

Darlington 301 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 

"'Frontispiece Portrait of James O'Hara. 
4 Portrait of Mrs. James O'Hara. 
VGuyasuta's Grave. 



MAPS. 

■'Fort Duquesne, 1759. 
>j'Fort Pitt, 1795. 

- Hutchins' Map of Indian Towns and 
Bouquet's Route, 1764. 



CANADA— 1749- 



JOURNAL OF THE CAMPAIGN 

Which I, Celeron, Chevalier of the Military Order of St. 
Louis, Captain Commanding a Detachment, sent to the 
Belle River by the Order of the Marquis de la Galis- 
sonniere, Commanding General of All New France and 
Country of Louisiana. 

I LEFT de la Chine on the 15th of June with a detachment 
formed of a captain, eight subaltern officers, six cadets, an 
armorer, twenty men of the troops, one hundred and eighty- 
Canadians and nearly thirty savages — equal number of Iroquois 
and Abenakes. I slept at Point Clair. On the i6th T departed 
at 10 o'clock A.M., and slept at Soulange with all my detach- 
ment. Several canoes were injured in the rapids. On the 
17th I departed from Soulange, and ascended to the Cedars, 
on the side of the Lake. In this place Mr. Joncaire was ship- 
wrecked, his canoe broken, one man drowned, and the greater 
portion of the effects lost. 

1 8th, I remained at the entrance of the Lake St. Francis, 
to dry the few effects which were collected at the foot of the 
rapids. 

19th, I passed Lake St. Francois, ascended the rapids called 
the Thousand Rocks, and anchored without any accident. 

20th, I ascended the long fall (Sault). 

2ist, I passed several rapids ; I did not make a list of them ; 
they are known by every one. 

22d, 23d, and 24th, I continued my route without anything 

(9) 



10 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

remarkable liappening-, excepting that several canoes were 
staved in by the carelessness of those who conducted them. 
I had them mended, and continued my way. 

25th, I passed a new French establishment, founded by the 
Abbe Piquet, where I found nearly forty acres of cleared 
land; his stone fort, eight feet in height, was not yet finished. 
The Abbe Piquet was lodged under bark, in the manner of 
the savages, and was preparing wood and other material for 
his habitation. He had two savage guides whom he desired 
me to take with me; I accepted them to please him; this was 
all that composed his mission. 

26th, I left Mr. Piquet and slept at Little Detroit. 

27th, I departed early to go to Fort Frontenac,* where I 
arrived at 5 o'clock in the evening. 

28th and 29th, I sojourned at Fort Frontenac, to mend my 
canoes, which had been much damaged in the rapids, and to 
rest my men. 

30th, I departed from Fort Frontenac to go to Niagara; on 
the fifth day I met Mr. Nardiere, who received the Miamis. 
He informed me that the nations of Detroit, having known of 
my march, were ready at the first invitation to join me. I did 
not rely much on the disposition of these savages, however, 
as I had learned on my route that they had more people on the 
Belle Riviere than I had been informed of at Mr. Galissoniere's. 
I profited at all hazard by the advice of Mr. Nardiere, and 
forced my march to rejoin Mr. Labrevois, who was going to 
command at Detroit. 

I arrived at Niagara on the 6th of July, where I found him ; we 
conferred together, and I wrote to the Chevalier de Longnaiul 
that which I had learned from Mr. de la Nardiere, and de- 
sired him, that if these nations of Detroit were in the design 
to come and join me, and not delay his departure, I would 

* Outlet of Lake Ontario. 



CANADA — 1749. II 

give the rendezvous at Strotve* on the 9th or loth of August ; 
that if they had changed their mind I would be obliged to him 
to send me couriers to inform me of their intentions, so that 
I may know what will happen to me. On the 7th of July, I 
sent Mr. de Contrecoeur, captain and second in command of 
the detachment, with the subaltern officers and all my canoes, 
to make the portage. I remained at the fort, to wait for my 
savages who had taken on Lake Ontario another route than I 
had ; having rejoined me I went to the portage which Mr. de 
Contrecoeur had made. On the 14th of the same month we 
entered Lake Erie ; a high wind from the sea made me camp 
some distance from the little rapid ; there I formed three com- 
panies to mount guard, which were of forty men, commanded 
by an officer. 

15th, I departed early in the morning, in the hope of making 
a fine journey, and went to the portage of Chatakouin,f which 
I could not make, there having risen a high wind — the same as 
on the evening. I was forced to land. The lake is extremely 
low. There is no shelter. If one does not foresee the wind, they 
run the risk of perishing in disembarking. For more than 
twenty acres in extent we found very large stones on which one 
is in danger of perishing. I fell on one, and without prompt 
help I would have been drowned, with all my men. I landed 
to mend my canoe, which had been broken in several places. 

i6th, I arrived at noon at the portage of Chatakouin. As 
soon as my canoes were loaded, I detached Mr. de Villiers 
and Le Borgne, with fifty men, to go clear the roads the rest 
of the day. I observed the situation of the place, in case one 
should wish in the future to make there an establishment. I 
did not find anything advantageous there, either for the navi- 
gation of the lake or in the situation of the place. The lake 

* Cannot be identified, 
f Barcelona or Portland. 



12 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

is SO shallow to the south that vessels cannot approach the 
portage nearer than one mile. There is no island or harbor 
where one could anchor and get into shelter ; they must anchor 
and have boats to unload from — high winds are so frequent ; 
and I think they are dangerous; furthermore, there is no vil- 
lage of the savages established in this place, the nearest are 
those of Ganaonagon and de la Faille Coupee. -i^ 

In the evening Mr. Villiers and La Borgnecameto sleep in 
the camp ; they had cleared nearly three-quarters of a league 
of road ; they placed guards, and this order will continue all 
the campaign, as much for the safety of my detachment as to 
discipline the Canadians, of which they have need. 

17th, At break of day we commenced our portage, which was 
conducted very vigorously. Nearly all the canoes, provisions, 
and munitions of war and merchandise, destined for presents 
to the nations of la Belle Riviere, were carried the three quarter- 
leagues which had been cleared the evening before. This road 
is very difficult, on account of the number of hillsides which 
are encountered, also, all my men were very tired. 

1 8th, I continued my portage ; but bad weather prevented 
continuing it as long as on the preceding day. I consoled 
myself that this delay was only caused by the rain : it was all 
that I wished, in order to have water in the river to pass with 
the load that I had in my canoe. 

19th, The rain being heavy, I put myself en route and 
made this day a half league. 

20th, 2 1 St, We continued our route with extreme diligence. 

22d, We have achieved the portage, which could be counted 
as four leagues, and we arrived on the border of Lake Chata- 
kium.f At this place I had my canoes repaired and rested my 
men. 

* Broken straw. 
\ Chautauqua. 



CANADA — 1749. 13 

23d, At noon I departed and encamped one league from the 
entrance of the lake, which might be nine leagues In the 
evening our savages, who had been fishing in the lake, told 
me that they haa seen people, who had hidden in the woods as 
soon as they perceived them. 

24th, I went out of the lake early in the morning and drew 
into the river Chatakium. The water being found low, I had 
transported the greater part of the baggage by land. The por- 
tage was indicated to me by the traces of the savages. We 
had nearly three-quarters of a league to transport our canoes, 
which could not pass with the load ; we have made at least 
this day, by water, one half league. 

25th, Before commencing our march, by the advice of the 
savages of my detachment, I assembled a council, composed of 
the officers and the natives which I had with me, to deliberate 
together on the measures which we should take on the occa- 
sion of the vestiges, which we had found the preceding even- 
ing, of several cabins, abandoned with such precipitation that 
they had left a part of their utensils, their canoes, and even 
their provisions, to gain the woods. This manceuvre made us 
judge of the fear of the savages, and that they had only retired 
through fear, and, consequently, they would carry the alarm to 
all the villages— put them to flight or make them take the 
part of assembling, forming a considerable corps and surround- 
ing us with ambushes. The country was very advantageous 
for them, and for us very difficult of access, owing to the little 
water in the river. I communicated the intentions of the 
Marquis de la Galissoniere to the officers; they saw that it was 
of very great importance, for the execution of the orders with 
which I was charged, to reassure the natives of these countries, 
and the unanimous opinion was that they should be desired 
to keep themselves tranquil in their tents, and assure them 
that I have only come to treat with them of good things and 



14 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

explain to them the opinions of their father, Onontio. I drew 
up in writing their opinions, which they all signed. Here is 
the copy : 

"Council held by Mr. de Celeron with the ofificers of his 
detachment and the chiefs, July 25th, 1749. 

"Having discovered yesterday, July 24th, at the base of the 
Lake Chatakium some signs, by which it appeared to us that 
the savages who were hunting in this j^lace had been fright- 
ened by the number of canoes and people which composed our 
detachment, having abandoned their canoes, provisions and 
other utensils, useful to them, and that they had carried the 
alarm to the village de la Faille Coupee, and as it is important 
in consequence of the orders of the Marquis de la Galissoniere 
to speak to these nations, to make known to them his in- 
tentions, and not wishing to do anything without taking the 
advice of the officers and of the chiefs we have with us, we 
have assembled them to make known to them the orders with 
which we are charged, in order to take the most convincible 
measures to dissipate the terror which our march has spread. 
The advice of all having been collected, the unanimous 
opinion has been that to reassure these nations and have the 
opportunity to speak to them, there should be a canoe sent 
to the village de la Faille Coupee in which would embark Mr. 
Joupere, lieutenant, with some Abenakes and three Iroquois, 
to carry to them three strings of wampum, and invite them to 
return, that their father had only come to treat with them 
on pleasant business. 

" Executed at our camp at the entrance of the River Chan- 
ongon, July 25th," 

All the ofificers signed. 

As soon as the council finished I sent away Mr. de Jonquiere ; 
that done, I set out on my route and made nearly a league 
with much toil. At many places I was obliged to put forty 
men on each canoe to make them pass. 



CANADA — 1749. 15 

26th, 27th and 28th, I continued my route not without many 
obstacles, and notwithstanding all the precautions which I 
took to manage my boats, they were often in a bad state, 
owing to the low water. 

29th, I entered at noon into the Belle Riviere* (Ohio). 
I buried a lead plate, on which is engraved the possession 
taken, in the name of the king, of this river and of all those 
which fall into it. I also attached to a tree the arms of the 
king, engraved on a sheet of white iron, and over all I drew 
up a Proces Verbal, which the officers and myself signed. 

Copy of the Proces Verbal, of the position of the lead 
plate and the arms of the king, placed at the entrance of la 
Belle Riviere (Ohio) with the inscription : 

"The year 1749, Celeron, Chevalier of the Order Royal and 
Military of St. Louis, Captain Commanding a Detachment sent 
by the orders of Marquis de Gallissonniere, Commander Gen- 
eral of Canada on the Belle Riviere, otherwise called the Ohio, 
accompanied by the principal officers of our detachments, 
have buried, at the foot of a red oak on the south bank of the 
river Ohio (Oyo) and of the Chanangon and at 40° 51' 23" a 
lead plate with inscription : 

"In the year 1749 of the reign of Louis XV, King of France, 
I, Celeron, Commander of the Detachment sent by the Marquis 
de la Gallissonniere, Commanding General of New France, 
to re-establish tranquillity in some villages of these cantons, 
we have buried this plate, at the confluence of the Ohiof and 
Kanaragon,! July 29th, as a monument of the renewal of 
possession which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and of 
all those that therein empty ; and of all the land on both 
sides to the source of said river, as they were enjoyed, or 

* Now Allegheny. 

t Allegheny. 

t Conewago, now Warren. 



16 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

should have been enjoyed by the preceding kings of France, 
and that they are maintained b)' the arms and by treaties, 
and especially by those of Reswick, d'Utrecht and of Aix la 
Chapelle ; we have also affixed in the same place to a tree the 
arms of the king, in testimony of which we have drawn up 
and signed the present Proces Verbal. 

"Done at the entrance of ]^elle Riviere, July 29th, 1749. 
All the officers have signed." 

This operation finished, as I was not far from the village of 
Kanaongan, and as the savages were informed by Mr. de Jon- 
caire of my arrival, they were anxious to find me. As soon as 
they had discovered my canoes they sent a deputation to invite 
me to visit their villages and there receive the compliments 
of their chief. I treated them well — the envoys. I gave a cup 
of brandy, 'i- for them to drink to their father Onontio, and gave 
them tobacco. They returned to their villages. I went there 
a short time after. I passed before the village ; they saluted 
me with several discharges of musketry ; I returned them, and 
formed my camp at the other side of the river. Mr. de Jon- 
caire collected the chiefs in one tent, I received their compli- 
ments and felicitations, and as this village has from twelve 
to thirteen cabins, I invited them to go to la Paille Coupee 
to hear what I had to say to them on the part of their 
father Onontio ; the women brought me a present of Indian 
corn and pumpkins. I responded suitably with other little 
presents. Mr. Joncaire assured me that it was time he 
should have come to dissipate the terror which had seized on 
the spirits of the savages, that several had retired to the 
woods and that the others had made their packs to do the same. 
I sent M. de Joncaire to la Paille Coupee. 

On the 30th I went to la Paille Coupee, where I had sent 
Mr. de Joncaire the previous evening. The savages of this 



* In the French copy it is " coup de lait." 



CANADA — 1749. 17 

place intended to hide themselves in the woods on the report 
which was made to them by those we had found on the Lake 
Chatakium ; they had told them that we were a large company 
and that without doubt it was to destroy them. Mr. de Jon- 
caire had much trouble to remove this impression, although 
they were Iroquois of the five villages that composed these 
two villages, and he is an adopted child of the nation, and 
they have great confidence in him. As soon as I was en- 
camped the chiefs assembled and came to my tent ; here 
are their first words : 

Speech of the Soiiontonans, established at the Village de la 
Faille Coupee, otJierzvise called KacJiidodagon and Kana- 
onagon, to Mr. de Celeron, by tzvo strings of IVampuvi, July 
30, 1749 : 

"My Father, we wish to testify the joy which we feel at 
seeing you arrive in our villages in good health. It is a long 
time since we had the pleasure of seeing our Father in this 
land, and the march, of which we have heard for a month, has 
caused us much inquietude and fear, not only in our villages 
but in all those of la Belle Riviere (Ohio). It is perceived, 
my Father, that to reassure the children, frightened and with- 
out spirit, that you have sent our son, Joncaire, to tell us to 
be tranquil and wait in our villages your arrival ; to hear the 
words of our Father, Onontio, which you bring us ; the strings 
of wampum have entirely removed from our spirits all the 
fears which had possession of us. Our packs were made up 
for flight, and we were like drunken people, all in despair, and 
we have remained as thou wished us, to hear that which thou 
hast to say to us. We are charmed that our Father, Onontio, 
chose thee to make known to us his intentions. It is not only 
to-day that we have known thee ; thou hast governed us at 
Niagara, and thou knowest that we have only done thy will." 



l8 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

Response of Mr. Celeron, i)i the folloi^'iiig zvords, loitlt tioo 
strings of ]Vauipuni,Jitly 30, 1749 : 

" I am charmed, my children, that the arrival of Mr. Joncaire 
in your village has raised your spirits and dissipated the fear 
that my presence in this country caused you. Without doubt 
it is caused by the evil intrigues of people who work always 
evil. That which I find surprising is that those which have 
the right spirit and that have always listened to the words of 
their Father, Onontio, should have felt this fear. 

" By these two strings of wampum I open your ears, so 
that you will hear well that which I tell you on the part of 
your Father, Onontio ; and I also open your eyes to make you 
see clearly the advantages which your Father is going to pro- 
cure for you, if, like people of sense, you will profit by it. It 
is his word that I bring to you here and which I am going 
to carry to all the villages of la Belle Riviere (Ohio.)" 

Speech of the JMarquis de la Geillissonniere to the first village 
of the Iroquois Sonontonans, established at the entrance of la 
Belle Riviere ; brought by j\Ir. de Celeron. WitJi one belt : 
" My children, since I have been at war with the English, I 
have learned that that nation has deceived you; and not con- 
tent with breaking your heart, they have profited by my ab- 
sence from this country to invade the land which does not 
belong to them and which is mine. This is what determined 
me to send to you Mr. Celeron, to inform you of my inten- 
tions, which are, that I will not suffer the English on my land ; 
and I invite you, if you are my true children, to not receive 
them any more in your villages. I forbid, then, by this belt, 
the commerce which they have established lately in this part 
of the land, and announce to you that I will no longer suffer 
it. If you attack them you will make them retire and send 
them home ; by that means you will be always peaceable in 



CANADA — 1749. 19 

your village. I will give you all the aid you should expect 
from a good father. If you come to see me, next spring, you 
will have reason to be satisfied with the reception which I will 
give you. I will furnish you with traders in abundance, if you 
wish for them. I will even place here officers, if that will 
please you, to govern you and give you the good spirit, so 
that you will only work in good affairs. The English are 
more in the wrong in coming to this land, as the Five Nations 
have told them to fly from there to the mountains. Give 
serious attention, my children, to the words which I send you ; 
listen well, follow it, it is the way to see always in your villages 
a haven beautiful and serene. I expect from you a reply 
worthy of my true children. You see the marks to be re- 
spected which I have attached along la Belle Riviere, which 
• will prove to the English that this land belongs to me and 
that they cannot come here without exposing themselves to 
be chased away. I wish for this time to treat them with 
kindness and warn them ; if they are wise they will profit 
by my advice." 

With tzvo sUnngs of Wampum : 

" I am surprised, my children, to see erected in your village 
a cabin destined to receive English traders. If you consider 
yourselves my children you will not continue this outrage ; 
further than that, you will forbid it and will never receive the 
English." 

Response of the Iroquois oj the Village of Ganaouskon and 
Chinadiagon, Jitly 3, 1 749. \ Vith tivo strings of Wampum : 
" My Father, we thank you for opening our ears and our 

eyes to hear your speech and to see clearly that you speak to 

us like a good father." 



20 JOURNAL OF CELERON, 

]]'it/i one belt : 

"My Father, we are very glad to speak to-day of affairs 
with you. Do not be surprised at our answers. We are peo- 
ple without any knowledge of affairs, but speak to you from 
the bottom of the heart. 

" My Father, you are surprised that the English have come 
to trade on our land ; the elders have forbidden them the 
entrance ; it is true you engaged us to descend to Montreal 
next year to speak of affairs with Onontio, and we acknowl- 
edge these favors ; we assure you we are going to work for 
that during the winter, and that we will go during the spring. 

"My Father, you have told us that you perceive that the 
English have come to invade our land, and that you are going 
to summon them to retire ; that for this effect you will barri- 
cade the road. We thank you for your enterprise, and we 
promise not to suffer them here. We are not a party capable 
of deciding entirely of the general sentiments of the Five 
Nations who inhabit this river ; we wait for the decision of 
the chiefs of our villages, as well as from the villages lower 
down. As for us, my Father, we assure you we will not 
receive the English in our villages." 

WitJi Hvo strings of Wanipnni : 
"My Father, you have told us that little birds have informed 
you that a house is building here for the English, and that if 
we allow it, soon they will form an establishment considerable 
enough to drive us away, because they will make themselves 
masters of our land. You have asked us not to continue this 
work; this we promise, and this house, which is nearly 
iinished, will only serve to amuse the youth. We also promise 
not to touch the arms of the king which you have placed on 
this river, which prove to the English that they have no right 
in this part of the land." 



CANADA — 1749. 21 

With two strings of Wainpuin to the Savages of the 
Detachment: 

" My brothers, we are pleased to see you accompany your 
Father in his route ; you have told us that you have no other 
sentiments than those of Onontio. We invite you to follow 
the counsels, which he knows well how to give, and we are 
resolved to only do his will. We thank you for that which 
you have come to tell us ; we will give attention to it." 

The Council ended, I made presents to these savages, which 
gave them great pleasure, and in acknowledgment they assured 
me anew that they will never see again the English at their 
homes, and that they will descend next spring to see their 
Father Onontio. 

July 31st, I sojourned at this village, having been stopped 
by the abundance of rain, which pleased us much. The water 
rose three feet during the night. 

August. — The first of August I departed from la Faille 
Coupee. After having marched nearly four leagues, I found 
a village of Loups and Reynards (wolves and foxes) of six 
cabins. I disembarked, and only found one man, who told 
me that the rest had taken flight. I told these savages that 
these people were wrong to be afraid, that I had not come to 
injure them, but, furthermore, I had come to treat with them 
on good affairs and give courage to the children of the 
governor who had lost it. I added that I did not doubt but 
that as soon as I left they would return home ; that I invited 
them to go to the village lower down, which was but four or 
five leagues distant, and that I would speak to them. I 
passed the same day to a little Loup village of six cabins, to 
whom I told, as to the others, to go to the most considerable 
village, where I would speak to them on the part of their 
Father Onontio. They arrived there a little while after me. 

On the second, I spoke to these savages in the name of the 
General. Here are the words and their reply : 



22 jOURXAL OF CELERON. 

]\^it/i one belt : 

"My children, the Loups, the reason which has determined 
your Father Onontio to send me to this part of the land has 
been the knowledge that he has had that the English propose 
to form here a very considerable establishment, to invade, 
some day, these lands, and increase in such a manner, if they 
are allowed to do so, that they will make themselves masters 
and you will be victims, as you have been in the past. Listen 
with attention to the words which I bring you from him : 

" The experience which you have had, my children, of the 
evil proceedings of the English, should be present with you ; 
remember that you possessed at one time, at Philadelphia, 
magnificent lands on which you found an abundance with 
which to subsist your families ; they approached you under 
pretext to give you necessaries, and, little by little, without 
you perceiving it, they have established forts and then towns, 
and when they became powerful enough they drove you away, 
and have forced you to establish yourselves on these lands on 
which to subsist your women, and will do to you as they did 
in Philadelphia. They could do it to-day on the Belle Riviere 
by the establishments which they wish to form there. It is 
the knowledge which I have obtained sooner than you which 
has determined me to send to you Mr. de Celeron, to make 
you open your eyes on the misfortunes which menace you 
and make you see that it is only their own interest which 
moves the English. I will send a summons for them to retire 
this time, not wishing them to occupy the land which belongs 
to me ; if they have sense they will not expose themselves to 
being forced. The English have less right to come to this 
land, because the kings of France and England have agreed 
in all the treaties of peace, and particularly in the last, which 
terminated the war, that the English should never set foot on 
this land. You know, also, my children, that the Five Na. 



CANADA — 1749. 23 

tions have absolutely forbidden them not only to make any 
establishment on the Belle Riviere, but to come here to trade ; 
that they go to the other side of the mountains, on the lands 
of yours, which they have occupied. I do not oppose that, 
but on mine I will not allow them. As for you, my children, 
you will lose nothing there, besides that I will give you all 
the aid which you should expect from a good father. Dele- 
gate next spring some one of your nation, with your uncles, 
to come to see me, and you will see the reception which I 
will give you — how much I love you, and that I seek only to 
do you good and save you from the yoke which the English 
wish again to impose on you. I will give you traders, who 
will furnish you all necessaries and will put you into a state 
not to regret those which I send away from my lands ; of 
those which you possess you will always be masters. I will 
even give you officers to maintain you there peaceably and 
tranquilly, and let no one inquiet you, seeking like a good 
father whatever would be of advantage to you." 

Reply of the Loiips, the 2d of August, by one belt : 

"My Father, we pray you to have pity on us ; we are young 
men, who cannot reply as the old men could to what you have 
said to us. We have opened our eyes and taken spirit ; we 
see that you only work with good affairs ; we promise to have 
no other sentiments than those of our uncles of the Five 
Nations, with whom you seem content. 

"Examine, my Father, the situation in which we are. If 
thou makest the English retire, who give us necessaries, and 
especially the smith who mends our guns and our hatchets, 
we would be without help and exposed to die of hunger — of 
misery in the Belle Riviere. Have pity on us, my Father ; 
thou canst not at present give us our necessaries ; leave us at 
least for this winter, or at least until we go hunting, the 



24 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

smith and someone who can help us ; we promise thee that in 
spring the English shall retire." 

I said, without promising anything, that I would make the 
arrangement which would be for their best interest ; and 
accord with the intentions of their father, Onontio. I confess 
that this representation embarrassed me very much. I made 
them a little present and engaged them to keep the promise 
which they had given me. 

On the third I commenced the march ; on the road I found 
a village of ten cabins abandoned, the savages, having had 
news of my arrival, had gained the woods. I continued my 
route to the village of the River aux Boeufs,-!^ which is only of 
nine or ten cabins ; as soon as they saw me they saluted ; I 
returned it and disembarked. I had been told that there was 
in this place a smith and an English merchant. I wished to 
speak to them, but the English, like the savages, had gained 
the woods ; there only remained five or six Iroquois, who 
presented themselves with arms in their hands. I scolded 
them for the manner of showing themselves, and made them 
lower their arms. They made many excuses, and said that 
they had only come with their guns because they had them — 
to salute me. I spoke to them nearly as I had spoken to the 
Loups and re-embarked immediately. This evening I buried 
a lead plate and the arms of the king by a tree, and drew up 
the Proces Verbal following : 

Proces Verbal. 

1749. — This year I, Celeron, Chevalier of the Order Royal 
and Military of St. Louis, Captain-Commander of the Detach- 
ment sent by order of the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Com- 
mander-General of Canada, on the Belle Riviere (otherwise 

* Venango. Origin of name, Zynango (tobacco). 



CANADA — 1749. 25 

called the Ohio), accompanied by the principal officers of our 
detachment, having buried on the south bank of the Ohio, 
four leagues below the River aux Boeufs, opposite a bald 
mountain and near a large stone, on which are seen several 
figures, rather roughly engraved, a lead plate and attached in 
the same place to a tree the arms of the king. In faith of 
which we have signed the present Proces Verbal. 

"Made at our Camp, August 3d, 1749. All the officers 
have signed." 

The inscription is the same as the preceding which I 
have placed at the entrance of la Belle Riviere. On the 
4th, in the morning, after having conferred with the officers 
and chief savages of my detachment, on the precautions 
which we should take to reassure the nations of the Belle 
Riviere and engage them not to fly so that we can speak to 
them on the part of the General, it was concluded that 
Mr. de Joncaire, with the chiefs, should go to the village 
Atticke-i^ to announce my arrival and engage the nations of 
this place to wait for me without fear ; for I only come to 
speak of good ihings. As soon as he had departed I put 
myself en route. We finished nearly fifteen leagues this day. 

On the 5th I departed at an early hour. After having 
made from three to four leagues, I found a river, of which the 
mouth is very beautiful ; and one league below I found an- 
other. They are both south of la Belle Riviere. 

On the heights there are villages of Loups and Iroquois of 
the Five Nations. I encamped early to give time to Mr. de 
Joncaire to arrive at the village Atticke. 

On the 6th I departed at 7 o'clock; after having made 
nearly five leagues I arrived at the village Atticke, where I 
found Mr. de Joncaire with our savages ; those of this place 
had taken flight. This village is of twenty-two cabins. Mr. 

* Attique, Kiskeminitas River. 
3 



26 JOURNAL OF CEI.EROX. 

de Joncaire told me that a chief with two young men, who 
had stopped on their discovery, seeing few accompanying 
him, came to him and demanded the motive of his voyage, to 
which he repHed that I had only come to speak to the natives 
of la Kelle Riviere and give spirit to the children of the 
Governor who lived there. He engaged this chief to take 
charge of some strings of wampum which I had given to him 
to take to the lower villages, and to tell them to keep them- 
selves tranquil on their mats, that I only came to treat of 
affairs which will be of advantage to them. 

I re-embarked and I passed the same day the ancient vil- 
lage of the Chaouanous, which has been abandoned since the 
departure of Chartier and his band, who were removed from 
this place by the orders of the Marquis de Beauharnais, and 
conducted to the river Vermilion, in the Wabash, in 1745. 

I encountered in this place six Englishmen, with fifty 
horses and nearly one hundred and fifty packs of peltry, with 
which they were returning to Philadelphia. I summoned 
them by writing to return to their country, that the land 
where they had come to trade belongs to my king and not ta 
the king of England, that if they returned again they would 
be pillaged, that I would this time treat them with humanity, 
if they would profit by the advice which I gave them ; they 
assured me, either from fear or something else, that they 
would not return ; they are convinced that they have no right 
to trade. 

This I well explained to them in the summons. I wrote to^ 
the government of Philadelphia in these terms : 

" Sir : — Having been sent with a detachment to this neigh- 
borhood by the orders of the Marquis de la Gallissonniere, 
Commanding General in New France, to collect together some 
savage nations who had quarreled on the occasion of the war 



CANADA — 1749. 27 

which has just ended, I have been much surprised to find 
merchants of your government in this country, to which the 
EngHsh government never had any pretentions. I have 
treated them with all the gentleness possible, although I was 
right to regard them as interlopers and people without hope 
of future possession ; their enterprises were contrary to the 
preliminaries of peace which have been signed for more than 
fifteen months. I hope, sir, that you will in the future forbid 
this commerce, which is against the treaties, and warn your 
merchants that they will themselves risk a great deal if they 
return to these countries, and that they can only blame them- 
selves for the misfortunes which might happen to them. I 
know that our Commandant General will be very sorry if any 
violence happens, but they have strict orders not to allow 
' strange merchants in his government. 

^^ "I am, etc." 

That executed, I re-embarked and continued my route. On 
the 7th I passed a village of Loups, where there were only 
three men ; they had placed a white flag on their cabins ; the 
rest of their people had gone to Chinique, not having dared 
to remain at home. I invited these three men to come with 
me to Chinique to hear what I had to say to them. I re-em- 
barked and visited the village, which is called the "Written 
Rock." The Iroquois inhabit this place, and it is an old 
woman* of this nation who governs it. She regards herself 
as sovereign ; she is entirely devoted to the English. 

All the savages having retired, there only remained in this 
place six English traders, who came before me trembling. I 
disembarked, and as I wished to speak to them I was much 
embarrassed, not having an interpreter of their language and 
they pretending not to understand any other. After awhile 

* Named Queen Alliquippa. 



28 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

they softened, and one of them spoke Chawenois.* I made 
them the same summons as to the others, and I wrote to their 
governor. They told me they were going to retire; that they 
knew well they had no right to trade, but not having found 
any obstacle until now, they had tried to make a living, so 
much the more as the savages had attracted them ; but that 
they would not return again. This placef is one of the most 
beautiful that until the present I have seen on the Belle 
Riviere. I left this camjD, and slept nearly three leagues 
below. As soon as I had disembarked our savages told me 
that on passing they had seen writing on a rock. As it was 
late, I could not send there until the next day. I appointed 
R. T. Bonnecamp and Mr. de Joncaire to go there, with the 
idea that these writings could give me some light. They 
were there early in the morning and reported that it was 
only some names written with charcoal. As I was only 
two leagues from Chinique I dispersed as much as possible 
the men of my detachment to give them a greater appear- 
ance, and arranged everything so as to arrive in good order 
at this village, which I knew to be one of the most consider- 
able on the Belle Riviere. 

On the 8th, as I prepared to raise my camp, I saw ap- 
proaching a canoe with two men ; I judged they were envoys 
from the village ; I waited for them. They were some who 
came expressly to find out by my countenance what were 
my designs. I received them with kindness, and made 
them drink a cup of milk to their father Onontio. This is 
always, among savage nations, the greatest mark of friend- 
ship which one can show. After talking some time, they 
asked me to return to their village and to give them some 
hours to prepare to receive me. Soon after their departure 

* Shawnese. 

t Site of Pittsburgh. 



CANADA — 1749. 29 

I embarked, after having viewed the arms of the men and dis- 
tributed ammunition in case of need, and ordered that from 
the boat there should be but four guns charged with powder 
to respond to the sahite, and eight with balls, having to take 
good precautions with nations frightened and riotous. As 
soon as I was in sight of the village I observed three French 
flags and one English. As soon as I was observed, salutes 
of musketry were sent from the village, and as the current is 
extremely strong at this place, and the river low, there came 
an Iroquois to me to indicate the passage. I was stopped 
instantly by the rapidity of the current. When disembark- 
ing they drew on us a discharge of balls. This salute is made 
by all the nations of the South ; often accidents happen from 
it. This fashion did not surprise me or the officers of the de- 
tachment, however, as I was suspicious and did not believe 
their intentions good. I told them, by Mr. de Joncaire, to 
cease firing in that manner or I should fire on them. I told 
them at the same time to lower the English flag or I should 
pull it down myself. This was done instantly ; a woman cut 
the staff, and the flag has not since appeared. I disembarked, 
and as the shore is extremely narrow and very disadvanta- 
geous in case the savages had evil designs, being at the base 
of a cliff which was more than thirty feet high, I immediately 
lifted my canoes and the baggage on the bank so as to place 
myself advantageously. I established my camp near the 
village, which I made to appear as extensive as possible, 
placed a corps de garde to the right and to the left, ordered 
the sentries at short distances the one from the other, and 
all were on the watch all night. The officers who were not 
on guard had orders to make the rounds all night. These 
precautions prevented the savages from doing what they had 
projected. This Mr. de Joncaire discovered a short time 
afterward by means of some women of his acquaintance. 



30 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

This village is of fifty cabins, composed of Iroquois, Shaw- 
nees and of Loups, and of a party of men of the villages 
which I had passed, having come here for refuge to render it 
stronger. At 5 o'clock in the evening the chiefs, accom- 
panied by thirty or forty warriors, came to salute me — a com- 
pliment on my arrival at their home. 

Here is their first speech, August 8, 1749 : 

With tzvo strings of Wampum, : 
"My Father, with these two strings of wampum we come to 
testify the joy which we feel, to see you arrive in our village 
in good health ; we thank the Master of Life for having pre- 
served thee on a journey so long and so toilsome as that which 
thou hast performed. It is a long time since we had the sat- 
isfaction to see some French persons in our village. We see 
thee here with pleasure, my Father. Thou must have re- 
marked, by the flags that thou hast seen in our village, that 
our heart is entirely French. The young men, without 
knowing the consequence, placed some which have displeased. 
As soon as we saw them, thou hast seen them fall. They 
were only placed for show, and to divert the young men, 
without fear that the thing could displease thee. We invite 
thee also, my Father, by these strings of wampum, to open 
thy heart to us, and make known to us whatever can make 
thee angry. We will do what thou comest to speak of, on the 
part of our Father Onontio ; we are ready to hear his words, 
and we pray thee to wait until the chiefs of the village, whom 
we expect, shall arrive." 

Response of Mr. de Celeron, zvitJi tzvo stri?igs of Wanipnm : 
" I am obliged to you, my children, for the pleasure you ap- 
pear to have at seeing me in your village. I have only come, 
as you think, to speak to you, on the part of your Father 



CANADA — 1749. 31 

Onontio, of good things. This is what I will explain to you to- 
morrow, when you are all together. 

"You are right in saying that the English flag, which I saw 
on your village, displeased me. This mixture of French and 
English flags is not seemly for the children of the govern- 
ment, and seems to show that their heart is divided. Let 
them be lowered in such a way that they cannot again 
be raised. The young men placed them without judg- 
ment. The old men have taken them away on reflection ; 
they have done well. By these two strings of wampum, I 
open, in my turn, your eyes, and your ears to hear well that 
which I have to say to you to-morrow, on the part of your 
Father Onontio." 

They retired to their homes ; and, in order to hold them- 
selves ready for all events, they passed the night dancing, 
always having some of their people for watchmen. 

On the 9th, before day, Mr. de Joncaire — whom I had ad- 
vised, as also his brother, to examine during the night the 
manoeuvres of these savages — came to tell me that he had 
news that eighty warriors were about to arrive, and that the 
resolution was taken in the village to attack us. On this 
news, which I communicated to the officers, I again gave or- 
ders that all should be ready, in case they should come, to 
fight. I held all my men in good order. I placed the officers 
in such a manner that they would encourage them to do their 
duty, and waited nearly two hours for what their resolution 
would determine. Seeing that no one advanced, I sent to 
them Mr. de Joncaire, to tell them that I knew the side which 
they had taken ; that I waited for them with impatience, and, 
if they did not hasten to put into execution that which they 
had projected, I would go to attack them. A little while after 
Mr. de Joncaire's return, the savages defiled before my camp. 



32 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

and made the ordinary salute. There may have been fifty 
men, according to what several officers told me they had 
counted while defiling, many warriors of the village having 
been there before those who arrived in the night. All these 
manoeu\Tes convinced me of the evil intentions of these 
nations ; but as I knew that the intention of Mr. de la Gallis- 
sonniere was to collect these savages by gentleness, and that, 
furthermore, I was engaged in a country where it would be 
very difficult for me to retreat — it being impossible to ascend 
the Belle Riviere (Ohio), owing as much to its swift current 
as to the want of provision and the bad state of my canoes — 
and, furthermore, if an action should take place, all the nations 
would be interested in it — I took the side of dissimulation, and 
determined to speak firmly to these savages and impose on 
them by the good appearance which I made for nearly two 
hours after the arrival of these warriors. The men of note, 
with those of the village, came to my tent with calumets of 
peace, made me their compliments, and presented them to me 
to smoke. Before accepting, I reproached them for their 
manner of acting, in terms which were perfectly explained to 
them by Mr. de Joncaire. Here is the discourse which I made 
to them : 

Speech of Mr. de Celeron to the Savages of Chenengue, zvitJi 
four strings vf Wampum, August 9, 1749 : 
" I am surprised, my children, that after having taken the 
trouble to send to you Mr. de Joncaire to the Faille Coupee 
and Attique to announce to you my arrival in this country, 
and inform you that I carry to you the words of your Father 
Onontio, to see you frightened, amazed and making manoeu- 
vres which are never known to the children of the Governor. 
I wish to say, by these strings of wampum, that I have only 
come to work at pleasant affairs; this has been delayed. You 



CANADA— 1749- 33 

should have believed me, and you know enough of the French 
to know that they are true and that they never speak only 
from the lips. If I had had the designs which you have 
fancied, and which evil spirits have told you, I would have 
hidden from you — that was easy for me. I need not have 
arrived so quietly as I did at your village. I know how to 
make war, and those which we have with us should know ; 
but I do not know how to be treacherous. By these four 
strings of wampum, I reopen your ears, I enlighten your 
minds, and I remove the bandage, which you have over your 
eyes, so that you can hear the words of your .Father Onontio, 
who is full of kindness for you, although he has had reason 
for discontent with some among you. I wish much, pres- 
ently, to smoke your calumets, to prove to you that I forget 
what you have done. I will speak to you to-morrow on the 
part of your Father Onontio. I ask you to drive away the 
evil spirit which seduced you and which will destroy you, 
without remedy, if you do not take care." 

I smoked the calumets, they retired well satisfied, and all 
was quiet for the rest of the day and following night. 

August loth. — At 10 o'clock in the morning I assembled 
all the chiefs and a part of the warriors at my camp. I had 
prepared a place for the Council. I repeated to them the 
words of the general, to which they listened with much at- 
tention. 

Speech of the Marqids de la Gallissonniere zvith the Ahitions 
of CJienengiie, brought by Mr. de Celeron, August lo, 1749. 
With one belt : 

" The friendship which I have for you, my children, not- 
withstanding your distance from me, induced me to send to 
you Mr. de Celeron, to carry to you ray words and open for you 



34 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

your eyes to the projects which the English make on your 
land. You are ignorant, without doubt, of the establishment 
which they propose to make, which will accomplish nothing 
less than your entire ruin. They hide from you their inten- 
tions, which are to establish themselves in such a manner 
that they will make themselves masters of this whole country 
and drive you away if I would let them do so. I shall, like a 
good father who loves his children tenderly, who though at a 
distance from them carries them all in his heart, avert the 
peril which menaces them, which is the design which the 
English have formed to seize your land ; and to accomplish 
this they have commenced to spoil your minds. You know, 
my children, that they forgot nothing in this last war to put 
you at war with me. The greater part of your nation has 
sense enough not to listen to them. I know their good-will, 
and pardon, like a good father, the past, persuaded that in the 
future you will live quietly on your mats. Whatever war I 
have with the English it is for your advantage to guard the 
neutrality which you yourselves demanded of me when you 
visited Montreal, to which I willingly consented. By this 
means you will preserve that peace which makes the happiness 
of these nations. As I know that the English only inspire 
you with evil sentiments, and that they design, by their estab- 
lishments on the Belle Riviere, which belongs to me, to seize 
on it, I send to them a summons to retire ; and I am so much 
the more right in doing so, as the kings of France and Eng- 
land have agreed that the English should never come here, 
either for trade or otherwise. This is even one of the con- 
ditions of peace which we have made together. Moreover, 
the chiefs of the Five Nations have told them not to pass the 
mountains — which are their boundary. I do not wish, at this 
time, to use violence with the English. I tell them gently 
my opinions — may they pay attention to them. If, in the 



CANADA — 1749- 35 

future, misfortune happens to them, they can only blame them- 
selves. As for you, my children, live quietly on your mats 
and do not enter into the discussions which I may have with 
the English. I will pay attention to all which can be of ad- 
vantage to you. I invite you to come to see me next year. 
I will give you marks of my friendship, and will put you in 
such a condition that you will not regret those whom I exhort 
you not to permit in your homes. 

" I will give you all the aid of a good father who loves you 
and who will not let you want for anything ; those who will 
bring it to you do not covet your land, either by purchase 
or usurpation ; further than that I will order them to maintain 
you there against all, and your interests will always be mine, 
if you behave well. By this means you will always be 
tranquil, and peace will be in your villages. I have wished, 
my children, to tell you the sentiments of your Father before 
speaking to the English, whom I will seek, to tell them to 

retire." 

The Council ended, they seemed well satisfied with what I 
had told them, and went to their villages to consult together 
on the replies, which I told them to make the next day, 
having a long road to travel and the season being far advanced. 
This village is composed of Iroquois, of Chawneese, and of 
Loups, which caused the Council to last more than four hours. 
Besides these three nations there are in the village some 
Iroquois, from Sault St. Louis, from the Lake of the Two 
Mountains; some Nepessingues, Abenakes, Ottawas and 
other nations. This assemblage forms a very bad village, 
which, tempted by the cheap market which the English offered, 
were drawn into a very bad disposition for us. 

I had called before me the most important of the English 
traders, to whom I gave a summons to retire to their country 
with all their employees, as I had done to those whom I had 



36 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

formerly met. They replied, like the others, that they would 
do so ; that they knew well they had no right of trade on the 
Belle Riviere. 

I added that their government was bounded by the moun- 
tains, and that they should not pass beyond them. They 
agreed to that. I wrote to the Governor of Carolina, as I had 
done to the one at Philadelphia. 

August nth. The savages came to give me their response. 
If they are sincere I think the General will be satisfied ; but 
there is little dependence to be placed on the promises of such 
people ; so much the more as I have just said that their in- 
terest engages them to look with favor on the English, who 
give them merchandise at so low a price that we have reason 
to believe that the king of England, or the country, bears the 
loss which the traders make in the sale of their merchandise 
to attract the nations. It is true that the expenses of the 
English are not nearly so great as those which our traders will 
be obliged to make, on account of the difficulties of the route. 
It is certain that we will never be able to reclaim the nations 
except by giving them merchandise at the same price as the 
English. The difficulty is to find the means. 

Here is the Response zvhick the Savages of Clienengue made to 
the Speech of the General, A ngust, 1 749 : 
" My Father, we are very glad to see you to-day and in the 
manner with which you regard us. The Commander of 
Detroit and of Niagara told us to go to see Onontio ; to-day 
you come yourself, you write us to descend. We must have 
lost our mind if we did not pay attention to your words. By 
this belt we assure you that all the nation which inhabits this 
river will descend next spring, in order to hear the speech 
of our Father Onontio. Nothing will be able to change 
the mind in which we are, even if there remained but one 



CANADA — 1749. 37 

person only, he would have the pleasure of seeing our 
Father. The shoes which we make for walking on ice will 
not be fit to take us to Montreal ; we pray you to provide for 
us some that we will find at Niagara as we pass there. My 
Father, have pity on us; we have no more ancient chiefs, they 
are only young men who speak to you. Pardon the faults 
which we make, for you, who are wisdom itself, make some. 
You come to drive the English from this continent ; to this 
we consent willingly, but you should also bring with you 
traders to furnish us with necessaries. If you have pity for 
us, leave us the English, so that they can give us the help 
which will be necessary to us until spring. You see the 
unhappy state in which we will be if you have not this kind- 
ness for us ; do not be surprised not to see the replies to your 
belts. Those whom you see here are only young men who 
guard the cabins until our chiefs and warriors return. We will 
inform them of your intentions and of the sentiments of our 
Father Onontio, and that we may be tranquil. We pray 
you to leave with us one of our children, Joncaire, to lead us 
to our Father and work conjointly at good affairs." 

Reply of Mr. de Celeron to the demand of the Savages that they 
may have one of the Messrs. Joncaire : 
"My children, it is not in my power to dispose of the 
officers which your Father has confided to me. When you 
descend you can ask him for one of the Messrs. de Joncaire, 
and I am persuaded that he will not refuse you." 

Co7iti?ination of the Speech of the Savages : 

" We thank you for the hope that you give us that our 

Father will give us one of our children ; we assure you again 

that we will do without reserve all that you have demanded 

of us. We would be charmed to see you for a longer time, 



38 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

and we thank our brothers who are with you for the advice 
they have given us, and we will give attention to it." 

So soon as the Council finished I had the presents brought 
which I had intended for them and which were very consid- 
erable ; they were flattered by them. I encouraged them anew 
to keep their promises, and above all to come to see the 
General next year, assuring them that they would have 
reason to be satisfied with the reception of their Father 
Onontio. 

My business being finished, I had my canoes placed in the 
water and embarked to continue my route. Nearly four 
leagues below there is a river from the south, on which there 
are several villages ; I did not disembark, having spoken to 
them at Chenengue. 

1 2th, I embarked at 6 o'clock in the morning, after having 
made four or five leagues. I encountered two canoes, loaded 
with packs and guided by four Englishmen. I disembarked 
to speak to them ; all that I could learn from them was that 
they had come from St. Yotoc,* from whence they had 
departed twenty-five days since. I had no English interpre- 
ters, and they could not speak Iroquois ; this was the only 
language for which I had an interpreter. I re-embarked and 
marched until 3 o'clock, and having much sickness, I sent 
my savages to hunt, in the hope that this beautiful river — 
which had been described to the Governor as being abundant 
in game — would furnish me some to refresh my men, who can- 
not live longer only on mush. But I was mistaken, my 
savages having only killed a buck, which is a feeble resource 
to comfort people hungry and sick. 

13th, I dejoarted early in the morning and I encountered 
several pirogues, conducted by Iroquois, who were hunting 
on the rivers which intersect the land. At noon I sealed and 

* Scioto. 



CANADA — 1749. 39 

interred a plate of lead at the entrance of the river, and 
attached to a tree the arms of the king, and drew up the fol- 
lowing Proces Verbal : 

P voces Verbal of the Position of a Plate of Lead at the en- 
trance of the River Kanawha : 

"Year 1749, I, Celeron, Chevalier of the Order Royal and 
Military of St. Louis, Captain Commanding the Detachment 
sent by the orders of the Marquis de la Gallissonniere, Com- 
mandant General in Canada, in the Belle Riviere, accompanied 
by the principal officers of our detachment, have interred at 
the foot of a large cone,* at the entrance of the river and on 
the south bank of the Kenawah, which discharges itself to the 
east of the river Ohio, a plate of lead, and attached in the 
same place to a tree the arms of the king. In faith of which 
we have drawn up and signed with the officers the present 
Proces Verbal, at our Camp, August 13th, 1749." 

The 14th of August, I departed at 7 o'clock in the morn- 
ing, not being able to leave sooner on account of the dark- 
ness. I passed two rivers, of which the entrances are very 
beautiful. The hunting has been pretty abundant to-day in 
bucks. The 15th, I continued my route and placed a lead 
plate at the entrance of the river Yenanguekouan and drew 
up the following Proces Verbal : 

Proces Verbal of the Position of a Fourth Lead Plate, at the 
entrance of the River Yenanguekouan, August 15, 1749 : 
On the iSth of August, 1749, I, Celeron, Chevalier of the 
Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain Commanding 
the Detachment sent by the orders of the Marquis de la Gal- 
lissoniere. Commanding General of Canada, on the Belle 
Riviere, otherwise called the Ohio River, accompanied by the 

* Cone pine. 



40 JOURXAL OF CELERON. 

principal officers of our detacliment, have interred, at the foot 
of a maple, which forms a tripod with a red oak and a cone 
pine, at the entrance of the river Yenanguekouan, on the west 
shore of this river, a plate of lead, and in the same place 
attached to a tree the arms of the king. In faith of which we 
have drawn up the present Proces Verbal with the officers, at 
our camp, August 15th, 1749. 

On the i6th, I could not depart until 9 o'clock, having 
slept in the woods. I made nearly twelve leagues. 

On the 17th, I embarked at 7 o'clock; in the course of 
the journey I passed two beautiful rivers, which descended, 
one from the north, the other from the south of the Belle 
Riviere. I do not know their names. I disembarked early 
to hunt, being altogether reduced to a diet of bread. 

The 1 8th, I departed at an early hour. I camped at noon, 
the rain preventing us continuing our route. I have this day 
placed a lead plate at the entrance of the river Chiniondaista 
and attached the arms of the king to a tree. This river carries 
canoes for forty leagues without encountering rapids, and has 
its source near Carolina. The English of this government 
come by treaty to the Belle Riviere, 

Proces Verbal of the Fifth Plate of Lead, placed at the en- 
trance of the River Chiniondaista,'^'^ the i^th of Aiignst, 
1749. 

The year 1749, I, Celeron, Chevalier of the Royal and 
Military Order of St. Louis, Captain Commanding the Detach- 
ment sent by the order of the Marquis de la Gallissonniere, 
Commandant General of Canada, on the Belle Riviere, other- 
wise called the Ohio River, accompanied by the principal 
officers of our detachment, have buried, at the foot of a tree, 
on the southern shore of the Ohio and the eastern shore of 

* Kanawha. 



CANADA — 1749. 41 

Chiniondaista, a plate of lead, and have in the same place 
attached to a tree the arms of the king. In faith of which we 
have drawn up the present Proces Verbal, which we have 
signed with the officers at our camp, August i8th, 1749. 

19th, The rain having continued with so much violence 
that I was forced to raise my camp to ascend the bank, the 
shore being inundated. 

The 20th, I re-embarked. After having gone some leagues, 
I saw a man on the shore. I went to him, he was a sav- 
age Loup, who was returning from war on the nation du 
Chien. It was sixteen days since he departed alone, without 
food or ammunition. I gave him some to take him to Chin- 
ingue, from which he was distant. I questioned him on the 
number of people which there were at St. Yotoc. He replied 
that there might be eighty cabins, and perhaps one hundred. 
I continued my route until 3 o'clock and hunted. 

On the 2 1 St, The savages of my detachment came to tell 
me that they feared to arrive at St. Yotoc, without having 
given notice to the nations of that place, of my intentions ; 
that this village was considerable, and that it might be be- 
lieved that these savages having news of my march, and not 
being without apprehension that those who had carried the 
news to them of my arrival had told them, as in the villages 
which I have passed, many stories which induced them to 
make ambushes at the approach of the village. I assembled 
the officers to consult together on the part we should take. 
It was determined to send a canoe to St. Yotoc to tranquillize 
the nations and restore their spirits, in case any carrier of 
news had troubled them. It was Mr. de Joncaire, that I 
chose to go there with Teganakassin and Lactarquerate, both 
chiefs of the Sault de St. Louis and faithful servants of the 
king, and three Abenakis chiefs. Mr. de Niverville asked to 
go ; I permitted him. I gave some hours for the advance of 
4 



42 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

my envoys, then I re-embarked and landed as usual for the 
hunt. 

22d, I embarked at 7 o'clock in the morning, after having 
delivered the munitions of war to all my people, and encour- 
aged them to do their duty if the savages should wish to 
undertake anything against us. After having made about four 
leagues, I saw a canoe, which appeared to me to be manned 
with seven or eight men, and had a white flag ; as soon as 
they saw me they landed. I went to them ; it was Mr. de 
Joncaire with seven savages, an equal number of Shawnees-^- 
and Iroquois. As soon as I had disembarked the chiefs came 
and gave me their hands, the others did the same, then sat 
down and remained silent for some time. Their eyes appeared 
to me excited. I commenced the subject to Mr. de Joncaire, 
who told me that the nations of St. Yotoc were very much 
troubled, and that as soon as they had arrived they had fired 
on them with balls and even pierced the flag with three balls ; 
that when they disembarked they were conducted into the 
cabin of the council, and when they would have told them 
the subject of their commission, a savage had stood up and 
interrupted him saying that the French deceived them and 
that they only came among them to ruin them and their fam- 
ilies ; then at that instant the youth had run for arms saying 
they must commence by killing these Frenchmen, send our 
families into the woods and then go and form ambuscades for 
the canoes. According to what Mr. de Joncaire and the sav- 
ages which accompanied him told me, this would have been 
done to them had not an Iroquois chief turned aside the storm 
and quieted them and engaged himself to come before me 
with those who would follow him ; and for surety they were 
guarding Mr. de Niverville and the savages. At last, after a 
half hour of silence, the Iroquois chief arose and said to me : 

* Chaouonons. 



CANADA — 1749. 43 

" My Father, thou seest before thy eyes people without 
sense, and who have been on the point of embroiling the land 
forever. Regard us with pity and have no resentment for 
that which we have done. Our old men, now that thou hast 
arrived at our village, will show their repentance of the fault 
which they have committed. For two months we have been 
like drunken men, on account of the bad news which were 
brought to us from the village which you passed." 

I replied to him : 

" I do not know what you mean to tell me ; when I go to 
St. Yotoc I will find out, and I will see what I shall do. You 
came to me of your own accord. Thou wouldst have done 
wisely to bring back the savages who were with Mr. de Jon- 
caire. Shortly return to thy village ; I will go there soon. 
Thou must advise thy youth not to salute in their manner, it 
will be dangerous for them." 

I gave a cup to drink, to those who were with him, and 
sent them away, because Mr. de Joncaire said to me: "I 
know well that these savages have evil intentions and are 
much frightened ; within twice twenty-four hours they have 
made a fort of stones, well doubled and fit to defend them." 
That made me reflect seriously. I knew the weakness of 
my detachment ; two-thirds were of young men who have never 
made a sortie, and who at the aspect of ten savages attacking 
me would have taken flight. I had not been the master to 
choose others, and whatever recommendation had been made 
to Mr. de la Gallissonniere, on leaving Quebec, to give us cho- 
sen men, was not paid attention to. There was no other way 
to take than of continuing my route — wanting provisions, my 
canoes unserviceable, no more gum or bark. I re-embarked, 
ready for all events ; I had good officers and nearly fifty men 
on whom I could depend. xA.t a quarter of a league from the 
village I was discovered ; at once the salutes commenced and 



44 JOURNAL OK CELERON. 

the savages fired nearly a thousand times. I am sure that the 
powder was furnished to them gratis by the English. I dis- 
embarked opposite the village and saluted; the chiefs and the 
old men crossed the river and came to me with the white flag 
and the calumet (pipe) of peace, cut some grass for us to make 
seats and invited me to take seats with all the officers. They 
had brought with them Mr, de Niverville and the savages 
whom they had guarded ; as we went to sit down there came 
up nearly eighty men, armed and equipped as warriors. I 
had arms taken to my detachment. These eighty men stood 
in line twenty paces from us and leaned on their guns. I said 
to the chief that I was surprised at the manner of this rash- 
ness, and if they did not retire promptly I would fire on them ; 
they replied that they had not come with evil designs, that 
they came to salute anew, but that they would retire if that 
displeased me. This they did at once, firing their guns in the 
air, which were only charged with powder. The calumets 
were presented to me and to all the officers; after this cere- 
mony a Shawnee (Chaouanon) chief arose and complimented 
me on my arrival. I told them I would speak to them the 
next day at my tent, where I would light the fire of the Gov- 
ernor. They replied to me that they had in their village a 
cabin for council, where they would hear, if I would go there 
with all my officers, all that I had to tell them on the part of 
their father Onontio. I refused them, and said it was for 
Ihem to come to me and hear what I had to say to them, and 
Ihey being disappointed it would be a great imprudence to go 
to their village. I held firm on this article, and lead them to 
my point. They returned to their village.. The corps de 
garde were placed and the rounds made all night, very par- 
ticularly by the officers. It is to be observed that this village, 
which is composed of Shawnees (Chaouanons) and Iroquois of 
the Five Nations, has had added to it more than thirty men of 



CANADA — 1749. 45 

the Sault St. Louis, whom licentiousness had made to retire 
there. Abundance of hunting and a cheap market — which the 
English gave them — are motives very seducing for them. The 
son of Tenaga Kassin is there, and never has his father or 
myself been able to bring him away ; besides the people of the 
Sault St. Louis, there are some from the lake, the two moun- 
tains, Loups, Miamis, and from nearly all the nations of the 
upper country. All these additions are worth no more than 
the Chaouanons and are entirely devoted to the English. 

23d, I sent to give them notice by Mr. de Joncaire, to 
come to my camp to hear the words of their Father. They 
refused to come at first, saying, that it was in the council 
cabin that they should be spoken to. I replied that it was 
for the children to come to their Father, where he wished to 
light his fire. After some conference they came to my camp 
and made their excuses in these terms : 

Speech of the Savages of St. Yotoc to Mr. de Celeron, with 
four strings of Wanipiim, August 2^, 1749: 
" My Father, we are ashamed to appear before you after our 
impertinence yesterday to those you sent to us. We are in 
despair. We ask pardon and pray our brothers and thee to 
bury this bad affair ; the regret which we feel for it makes us 
hope that you will pardon us.'* 

Reply of Mr. de Celeron to the Savages of St. Yotoc, on the 

same day : 
" My children, no one could be more surprised than I was 
when I learned by the canoe which came before me the re- 
ception which you had given to the chiefs which I had sent 
to announce to you my arrival and tell you that I had come 
to carry to you the words of your Father Onontio ; they were 
furnished with all the marks that they could have to prove 



46 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

that I only came to your village tranquilly. This token, so 
respected by all nations, has not been by you, and you have 
fired on it. Not content with that, you have listened, in pre- 
ference to my words, to those of a wicked man who is in your 
village and who is a slave. I have been the more surprised 
knowing for a long time that the Shawnees (Chaouanons) 
have sense ; they have appeared on this occasion more desir- 
ous to insult the envoys. What have you done, Chaouanons, 
with the sense which you had ten years ago, when Mr. de 
Longueil passed here to go to Chiachias .'' Thou wast in his 
presence and by all kinds of ways you showed to him the 
goodness of thy heart and thy sentiments. He even raised a 
troop of thy young men to follow him. He had not even given 
notice to you of his arrival ; but you had at this time the 
French heart, and to-day thou lettest thyself be corrupted by 
the English, who dwell with you continually, and that under 
pretence to give you some assistance, only seek to ruin thee. 
Reflect on the just reproaches which I make to thee and rid 
thyself of these bad people who will be, if you do not take care, 
the ruin of the nation. Thou hast opened on my arrival the 
throat by four strings of wampum. I have not need of that 
medicine. The heart of the Governor is a pipe, good for his 
children ; but as thou must have a stronger dose of it, by these 
strings of wampum, I evacuate all the bad humors. The 
pardon which thou demandest of the fault and the regret 
which thou appearest to have for it, inclines me to pardon 
thee. Be wiser in the future. I bury this evil affair, as thou 
askest me, and I will pray thy Father Onontio not to preserve 
any resentment. I invite thee to reject all the evil discourses 
which may be made to thee in the future and listen well to 
the words of thy Father Onontio which I bring to you. 



CANADA — 1749. 47 

Speech of the General to the Savages of the Village of St. 

Yotoc, August 23, 1749. Brought by Mr. de Celeron. By 

one belt : 

" The friendship, my children, which I have for you, although 
so distant, has prompted me to send Mr. de Celeron to make 
you open your eyes and discover the projects which the 
English form against you and the land which you inhabit. 
You are ignorant, no doubt, of the establishments which they 
can make here, and >vhich aim at nothing less than your 
ruin ; they hide from you their ideas, which are to form here, 
and construct forts strong enough to destroy you, if I let 
them do so. I am, like a good father, who tenderly loves 
his children, and who, although at a distance from them, 
thinks always on what is best for their advantage, and warns 
them of peril which menaces them. You know, my children, 
that they forgot nothing in the last war which I had with 
them, to engage you to declare against me ; happy for you 
that you did not listen to them. I think kindly of you for it ; 
of others, who let themselves be seduced, I have pardoned 
some of them, persuaded that they will be wiser in the future 
and will not listen any more to the bad people, who only 
seek to trouble the land. But to put us entirely beyond their 
seduction, I sent promptly a summons to them to retire 
from my land, where they never had a right to enter. The 
kings of France and of England agreed in the treaties of 
peace that the English should never come to trade, or for 
anything else, into la Belle Rivieire. I do not wish this time 
to make use of force, although I would be right if I had them 
pillaged. I warn them gently — may they pay attention to 
it — if another time there happens to them any misfortune it 
will be their own fault. 

"As for you, my children, live tranquilly on your land, and 
do not enter into the discussions which I may have with the 



48 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

English ; I will pay attention to all which can be to your ad- 
vantage. I invite you to come to see us next year ; I will 
give you marks of my friendship, and will put you in such a 
position that you will not regret those whom I sent from 
your country. I will give you all the aid which you should 
expect from a good father who loves you and will not let you 
want anything. Those who will bring it to you will not in- 
vade your lands to drive you from them ; on the contrary, I 
will order them to maintain you there, and their interest 
will always be the same." 

By anotJier belt : 
" For the two years I have been in this country I have been 
entirely occupied in learning the interests of my children and 
that which can be of advantage to them. I have learned 
with pain the affair which has happened between you and 
the Illinois. As you are equally my children, and as I have 
for you the bowels of a father, I charge Mr. de Celeron, whom 
I send into the villages of the Belle Riviere, to carry my 
words, to give you a belt from me ; to engage you to be 
reconciled with your brothers, the Illinois. I have taken the 
same precautions with them, having sent a commandant of 
this post with orders to speak to them on my part, and to tell 
them to keep themselves tranquil. I hope, my children, that 
you will both hear with pleasure my words, and that you will 
determine to live in peace and union, like my true children. 
I will not enter upon the subject of your quarrel ; I ignore 
even who is the aggressor ; but whoever it may be, it is suit- 
able that he should make the necessary advances for recon- 
ciliation, and that the offended forgets the injury which he 
has received. I will be obliged to him inasmuch as I only 
seek to procure for them that which is most advantageous 
for them." 



CANADA — 1749. " 49 

While we were in the council, a Chaouanon entered, with 
a much frightened air, and told the chiefs that all the nations 
of Detroit were coming to fall on them, and that, while I was 
amusing them, they were going to see their villages 
destroyed. I saw that there was an alteration in this savage. 
I asked him the reason. I reassured them from their fright, 
and restored them so well that the council was not long inter- 
rupted. After having explained to them the intentions of 
the General, I gave them a cup to drink. They then re- 
turned to their village. As soon as they had departed, I sent 
Mr. de Joncaire to inform himself of the news which had just 
arrived. He was not long returning, and reported to me that 
three Ottawas had arrived at a village in the country, ten 
leagues from St. Yotoc, and that immediately couriers had 
left to carry us the news that the Ottawas would not arrive 
for two days. I judged they were couriers that Mr. de 
Sabrevois sent me, to give me advice about the disposition of 
the people of Detroit. 

The 24th, The savages replied, after having made some 
objections to coming to the French camp to make their 
reply ; but, seeing that I persisted with firmness in my sys- 
tem, they came, and here is their reply, very badly explained, 
their interpreter being very bad : 

Reply of the Savages of St. Yotoc to the Speech of the Geiiei'aly 
August 24, 1749, by six strmgs of Wanipimi : 
" My Father, we have come to tell you that we have heard 
the speech of our Father Onontio with great pleasure ; that 
all that which he has told us is true, and for our good, and that 
we and our brothers, the Miamis, who are here, will conform 
to it, having but one sole thought. For these strings of 
wampum we assure our Father Onontio that all those who 
live in our village will not work any more on evil affairs, and 



50 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

will not listen again to evil discourses. My Father, we thank 
you that you wish to reconcile us with our brothers, the Illi- 
nois. We promise you to work for that. This speech has 
given pleasure to all our village. 

" My Father, by these strings of wampum, we thank you 
for the manner in which you have spoken to us. We encour- 
age you to continue your work, and to give spirit to all your 
children, so that the land may be tranquil. As for us Cha- 
ouanons, we assure you that we will only work with good 
affairs." 

On the 25th I assembled all the chiefs, and made them a 
present, on the part of the General, and asked them to keep 
the promise which they had given me. A little while after, 
I made the traders come to me, and summoned them to re- 
tire, making them feel that they have no right of commerce 
or anything else in the Belle Riviere. 

1 wrote to the Governor of Carolina, whom I have well 
warned of the risks which their traders will run if they re- 
turn here. That was enjoined on me in my instructions, and 
even to pillage the English, but I was not strong enough for 
that — these traders being established in the village, and well 
sustained by the savages. I would have made an attempt, 
which might not have succeeded, and would have turned 
against the French. The Ottawas sent by Mr. de Sabrevois 
arrived, and brought me letters by which advice was given to 
me, which was no more than that which Mr. La Naudiere had 
told me— of the disposition of the savages of Detroit — and, 
besides that, that some efforts which Mr.de Longueil had 
made to engage them to march they had constantly refused. 
I gave provision to these couriers, although I was very short ; 
and I wrote to Mr. de Sabrevois, and asked him to keep twenty 
canoes below Detroit, with provisions for my establishment, 
at the commencement of October. 



CANADA — 1749. 51 

The 26th, I departed, at 10 o'clock in the morning, from 
St. Yotoc. All the savages were under arms, and saluted 
when I passed before the village. 

The 27th, I arrived at the Riviere Blanche at 10 o'clock 
in the evening. I knew that, three leagues in the country, 
there were six cabins of the Miamis, which induced me to 
sleep at this place. 

The 28th, I sent Mr. de Villiers and my son to these 
cabins, to tell these savages to come to speak to me. They 
brought them, and I engaged them to come with me to the 
village of the Demoiselle, where I was going to carry the 
words of their Father Onontio. They consented, asking me 
to wait until the next day, to give them time to go for their 
equipage. There are in this village two Sonontonane 
cabins. The policy of these nations is to have some of them 
with them who are like protectors. I engaged one of the 
Sonontonanes, who speaks Miami well, to come with me to 
the home of the Demoiselle.* I needed him, not having an 
interpreter of this language, and I had some affairs of conse- 
quence to treat with them. 

The 29th, I wrote to Mr. Raimond, Captain and Com- 
mandant at the Miamis, and asked him to send to me the one 
named "King's Interpreter," with as many horses as possible, 
to make the transport of our baggage at a portage of fifty 
leagues. 

The 30th, The savages of the Riviere Blanche having 
arrived, I embarked to gain the Riviere a la Roche, and at 
the entrance I buried a plate of lead, and attached to a tree 
the arms of the king — of which I drew up a Proces Verbal. 

* Fort Laramie. 



52 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

Procl'S J 'crbal of tJic Sixtlt Plate of Lead, buried at the entrance 
of the River a la Roche* August 31, 1749. 

"The year 1749, I, Celeron, Chevalier of the Order Royal 
and Military of St. Louis, Captain Commanding a Detachment 
sent by the orders of the Marquis de la Galissonniere, Com- 
manding General in Canada, in the Belle Riviere (otherwise 
the Ohio), accompanied by the principal officers of our detach- 
ment, have buried on the point formed by the right shore of 
the Ohio, and the left of the River la Roche, a plate of lead, 
and attached to a tree the arms of the king. In faith of 
which we have drawn up and signed with the officers the 
present Proces Verbal." 

September. — That done, I embarked ; the little water which 
I found in this river made me take thirteen days to ascend it. 

The 1 2th, The Miamis of the village of the Demoiselle, 
having learned that I was about to arrive at their home, sent 
four chiefs to me with calumets of peace for me to smoke, as 
I had invited them to my people on land, not having water 
enough in the river to draw the loaded canoes through. I 
was informed by Mr. Courtmanche, an officer of the detach- 
ment, of the arrival of these envoys. I disembarked at the 
place where they were, and, when we were all seated, they 
commenced their ceremonies, presenting to me the calumet. 
I accepted it. They then carried it to Mr. de Contrecoeur,. 
second captain of the detachment, and to all the officers, and 
to the Canadians, who, famished for a smoke, wished that 
the ceremony had lasted a long time. The hour having 
arrived to encamp, we slept at this place. The messengers 
rested with us. I was obliged, notwithstanding the little 
provision we had, to give them supper. 

13th, I arrived at the village de la Demoiselle, and I 
placed my camp and arranged the sentries and waited for the 

* Miami. 



CANADA — 1749. 53 

arrival of the interpreter, which I had demanded from Mr. de 
Raimond. During this time I sounded their minds to learn 
if they were willing to return to Kiskakon. This is the 
name of their ancient village. It appeared to me that they 
had not a great repugnance. They had two English work- 
men in their village, whom I made leave ; those who had 
passed the summer there trading, had retired with their 
effects by land. They have roads communicating from one 
village to the other. 

17th, Tired — that the interpreter did not arrive, and that 
my provisions were consumed waiting for him. I determined 
to speak to the Demoiselle by means of an Iroquois, who 
spoke Miami well. I showed them magnificent presents, on 
the part of the General, to engage them to come to their vil- 
lage, and explained to them his intentions in these terms : 

Speech of the General to the Miainis, to the Demoiselle estab- 
lished at the River a la Roche, and to Baric I, established at 
the River Blanche. Carried by Mr. de Celeron, "February 
17, I749> by eight stj'ings of Wampum, for the tzvo Vil- 
lages : 

"My children, the manner in which I have dealt with 
you, notwithstanding what you have done to the French — 
that I have given subsistence for your women and children — 
should prove to you the attachment which I have for you, 
and the justice of my sentiments. I forget that which you 
have done, and I bury it in the deepest part of the earth, that 
I may not remember it again, persuaded that you have done 
nothing but at the instigation of people whose policy is to 
trouble the land and spoil the mind of those with whom they 
have intercourse, and who profit by the unfortunate ascend- 
ancy which you have let them gain over you, make you com- 
mit errors and engage you in evil affairs — without letting it 



54 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

appear that they have any part in them — so as to injure you 
with me. It is to enlighten you that I send to you my words ; 
listen well to them and pay attention to them, my children. 
They are the words of a father who loves you, and to whom 
your interests are dear. I extinguish by these two strings 
of wampum the two fires which you have kept alight for two 
years at the River a la Roche and at the River Blanche. I 
extinguish them in such a manner that not a spark shall 
appear from them." 

By one belt to the Demoiselle and one to Bariel : 
"My children, I come to tell you by this string of wampum 
that I will extinguish the fires which you have lighted on the 
River a la Roche and at the River Blanche. By these belts 
I raise you up from your mats and I take you by the hand to 
lead you to Kiskakon, where I will relight your fires and fill 
them more solid than ever. It is in this land, my children, 
that there will be joined to you a perfect tranquillity, and 
where every moment I will be in the way to give you marks 
of my friendship. It is in this country, my children, that 
you will meet with the sweetness of life, it being the place 
where the bones of your ancestors repose and those of Mr. de 
Vincennes, who loved you so much, and who always governed 
you in such a manner that affairs were always good. If you 
have forgotten the counsels which he gave you, his ashes will 
recall to you the memory. The bones of your ancestors 
suffer for your remoteness ; have pity for the dead who 
recall you to your village ; follow with your women and 
your children the chief that I send to you to carry my speech 
and who will relight your fire at Kiskakon in such a way that 
it will never be extinguished. I will give you all the help 
that you should expect from my friendship, and know, my 
children, that I will do for you that which I have never done 
for any other nation." 



CANADA — 1749. 55 

Another Speech by foiw strings of Wampum and tiuo to Baric! . 
"By these strings of porcelain I place a barrier at every pas- 
sage that leads to the Belle Riviere, so that you will never go 
there again, and that the English, who are the authors of all 
evil affairs, can not approach to this land which belongs to 
me. I make for you at the same time a good road to lead you 
to Kiskakon,* where I will relight your fire. I break off all 
commerce with the English, whom I have warned to retire 
from my land, and if they come there they will have cause to 
repent." 

By tzvo strings of Wampum to the Demoiselle and two to Mr. 

Bariel : 
" Since you have done, my children, that which I demanded 
of you, which is only for your advantage, I invite you to come 
to see me next year, and to receive from me also sensible 
marks of my friendship. I give the same mvitation to all 
your brothers of the Belle Riviere. I hope that you both 
have sufficient sense to respond, as you should, and, to begin 
to give you a proof of my friendship, I send you these 
presents to cover your women and your children. I join to 
them powder and balls, to gain a living easier on the route 
which you are going to take to take you to Kiskakon. Aban- 
don the land where you are ; it is pernicious to you, and profit 

by that which I make for you." 

The council finished, every one retired. They carried the 

presents to their village, where they assembled to make their 

replies. , On the i8th, at 9 o'clock in the morning, they came 

to make their reply. 

* Now Fort Wayne. 



56 JOURNAL OK CELERON. 

Reply of tJic DcDioiscllc, Chief of the Miauiis, established at 

the River a la Roehe, and of Bariel, established at the River 

Blanche, Febrnary i8, 1 749, by tivo Calumets of Peaee : 

" It is the old custom among us, when good affairs are 

spoken of, to present some calumets. We pray you to listen 

to us ; we are going to reply to what you have said to us. 

This calumet is a testimony of the pleasure which I have to 

smoke together, and we hope to smoke the same calumet 

with our Father next year." 

By one belt : 

" My Father, we heard with pleasure yesterday your speech. 
We see well that you have only come for good affairs. We 
have only a good response to make to you. You have made 
us remember the bones of our ancestors, who groan, and we 
see in this place that which recalls us continually. You made 
for us a fine road to return to our ancient nest. We thank 
you for it, my Father, and we promise you to go there in the 
early spring. We thank you for the good words which you 
have given us. We see well that you do not forget us. Be 
sure that we will always work at good affairs with the 
Chaouanons. We recall the good advice which Mr. de Vin- 
cennes gave us. My Father, you have business with people 
without sense, and who cannot reply to you perhaps as you 
hoped ; but they speak truth. It is not with the lips they 
speak to you ; it is from the bottom of the heart. You have 
told us to make serious reflections upon what you have said 
to us. We have done so, and we will continue to do so all 
winter. 

" We hope to have the pleasure to give you a good speech 
in the spring. If the hunting is good we will repair our 
faults. We assure you, my Father, that we will listen no 
more to the evil discourses or the evil news. We have at 
present some sense." 



CANADA — 1749. 57 

Reply to tJie Demoiselle and to Bariel iJi the same Co7incil by 
Mr. de Celeron : 
" I have listened to my children, and I have well weighed 
your speech ; either because you have not well understood, 
or you pretend so, you do not reply to that which I said to 
you. I proposed to you, on the part of your Father Onontio, 
that you should come with me to Kiskakon, to there relight 
your fire and remake your nest. You put it off until next 
spring. I would have been charmed to be able to say to 
your Father Onontio that I had led you there. That would 
have given him pleasure, on account of the interest which he 
takes in what concerns you. You tell me you will go there 
at the end of winter. Be true to your promise. Assure him 
of that, for he is stronger than you, and if you fail, fear the 
resentment of a father, who has but too much reason to be 
irritated against you, and who has offered you the means of 
regaining his favor," 

Reply to these Words by the Demoiselle and Bariel : 
" My Father, we will be faithful in executing the promise 
which we have given thee. We will go at the close of winter 
to our ancient cabin, and if the Master favors our hunting we 
hope to repair our passed faults. Be convinced that we do 
not speak from our lips, but from the bottom of our hearts. 
We cannot, at present, return to where you have come to 
lead us. The season is too far advanced." 

The council finished. I stopped some old men, to attempt 
to discover whether what they had told me was sincere ; I 
spoke with these savages, who assured me that both villages 
would return in spring to Kiskakon, and that which delayed 
them was that they had no cabins built where I could conduct 
them, and that when hunting in the winter they would 

5 



58 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

approach their village, and that they would return there 
certainly. Roi, for whom I had asked Mr. de Raimon, arrived 
on the 19th. I remained, to try, by the means of Roi, to 
persuade the Demoiselle, with some other chiefs, to return 
with me to relight their fires, and make their nests at 
Kiskakon. I did not succeed. They continued always to 
say and assure me that they would return next spring. On the 
20th, all being ready for our departure, we raised our camp^ 
after having burned our canoe, with which we could not make 
the transport. We began our march by land, everyone carry- 
ing his provisions and his baggage, excepting the officers, for 
whom I had procured horses, and some men to lead them. I 
had formed all my people in four brigades, of which each one 
had an ofificer at the right and the left. I conducted the 
right and Mr. de Contrecoeur the left. We only spent five 
and a-half days in making this route, which is estimated at 
fifty leagues. 

The 25th, I arrived at Mr. de Raymond's, who commands 
at Kiskakon. I only rested here long enough to purchase 
some provisions, and some pirogues, to take me to Detroit. 

The 26th, I caused to come to me the Pied Froid, chief of 
the Miamis, established at Kiskakon, and some others of con- 
sequence, to whom I repeated, in the presence of Mr, Ray- 
mond and the officers of our detachment, that which I had 
said at the village of Demoiselle and the reply which I had 
to it. After they had listened with a great deal of attention,, 
they arose and said to me : " I wish I was mistaken, but I am 
attached enough to the French to say that the Demoiselle 
will lie. My only sorrow is to be the only one who loves you 
and to see all the nations of the south incensed against the 
French." 

The 27th, I left Mr. de Raymond's, not having found 
enough pirogues for all my people. One party went by land,^ 



CANADA — 1749. 59 

under the guidance of some officers, and some savages to 
guide them through the woods. I spent eight days in going 
to the lower part of Detroit. When I arrived, the 6th of 
February, I found some canoes and provisions for my detach- 
ment. I would have left the same day, if my savages would 
have followed me, but they amused themselves drinking, in 
the lower part of the river Miamis. I waited, for them on 
the 7th and they arrived at the close of the 8th. I left on 
the 9th of February the lower part of Detroit, and slept at 
the Pointe Pelle. During the traverse of Lake Erie nothing 
happened to us that merits attention. 

I arrived at Niagara on the 19th, where I was delayed three 
days by bad weather. The 22d I left Niagara by the south of 
Lake Ontario, to go to Fort Frontenac. I spent fourteen 
days in passing this lake, in which I have had several canoes 
broken by the violence of the winds, and I arrived on the 6th 
at 9 o'clock at said fort. 

November, I departed from Fort Frontenac. I passed to 
the establishment of Mr. Piquette. I had received orders from 
the Marquis de la Gallissonniere to see the addition which he 
had made to it during my voyage. I did not see any change 
since I had passed at the beginning of July. His fort had 
been burned since his departure for Montreal, by the savages, 
who were thought to have been sent by the English of Cho- 
ueginus. A large field of grain was also burned, and a kind 
of redoubt, which was in the angle of a bastion, has been saved, 
although the fire had been put to it several times. There 
were only three men on guard at this fort, of which one had 
an arm carried off by a gun, which burst in his hands when 
firino- on those who made the fire. 

o 

I asked if anyone knew the nation who had done this deed. 
I was told that it was two Goyoquines, who had passed the 
summer with Mr. Piquette, and who had been hired by the 



60 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

English to take away his negro. I departed, and slept at the 
foot of the Rapids. 

loth, At 9 o'clock I arrived at Montreal, where I re- 
mained two days. I descended to Quebec to give an account 
to the Marquis de la Jonquiere of my voyage. I have been 
very happy — notwithstanding the fatigue of the campaign, 
and the bad fare, and the quantity of sickness — to lose 
but one man, who was drowned in the shipwreck of Mr. 
de la Jonquiere. In the estimation of Father Bonnecamp, 
Jesuit and great mathematician, who has given great attention 
to the route, the journey was 1,200 leagues ; by mine and that 
of the officers of the detachment it is longer. All that I can 
say is, that the nations of these places are very ill-disposed 
against the French and entirely devoted to the English. I 
do not know by what means they can be reclaimed. If 
violence is employed they would be warned and take to flight ; 
they have a grand refuge in the flat plains, from which they 
are not far. If we send to trade with them, our traders can 
never give our merchandise at the price the English do, 
because of the great expense they would be at. Furthermore, 
I think it would be dangerous to make easier conditions 
with the nations who inhabit the Belle Riviere than in the 
roads to Detroit, Miamis and others. It would be to people 
our old posts and perpetuate the nations on the Belle Riviere 
and who are within the reach of the English Government. 
They have nevertheless sent their armies, but they had fewer 
English and they had not credit as they have to-day ; and if 
the French traders would tell the truth,, they would admit 
that their profits proceed. but from the trade which they make 
with the English by the exchange of peltry, cats, otters and 
skins, all at a low price, in England, and with us very high. 
Thus have we seen come from this place only peltries and 
no beaver, — they are given in exchange to the English. 



CANADA — 1749. 61 

A substantial establishment could be useful to the Colonies, 
but there are many inconveniences to sustain from the diffi- 
culties of the road on which to transport provisions and 
effects necessary. I doubt if one would succeed except by 
making a strong defence. I feel obliged, by the knowledge 
which 1 have of all these places, to put these reflections at 
the end of my Journal, of which such use may be made as is 
thought proper. Signed, 

Celeron. 

Copy of the Summons viade to the English of la Belle Riviere. 

I, Celeron, Captain, Chevalier of the Royal and Military 
order of St. Louis, Commanding a Detachment sent by the 
Marquis de la Gallissonniere, Commanding General of New 
France, have summoned you English traders, who trade in 
an Indian village situated on the Belle Riviere, to retire to 
their country with their effects and baggage, under pain of 
being treated as interlopers ; in case of refusal, to which sum- 
mons the said English have said that they were going to 
retire to their country with their effects. 

Executed in our camp of la Belle Riviere. 

[Copied.] Signed, 

DE LA JONQUIERE. 



Notes on Celeron s Expedition, by William M. Darlington. 

Kannaigai River and Village, doubtless the same as Cone- 
wango or rapids — a carrying place for canoes, 

Venango — Riviere aux Boeufs — otherwise Zynango (to- 
bacco). 

Hart's Rock is two miles below Pittsburgh. 

Attique, Kiskiminitas River, about twenty-five miles above 



62 JOURNAL OF CELERON. 

Pittsburgh, emptying" into the Allegheny. Village of Loiips. 
Alliciuippa, opposite Brunot's Island. North shore. 

Leaden P/atcs Deposited. 

First, on the 29th of July, 1749, at the junction of Cone- 
wango Creek and Allegheny River, now Warren. 

Second, on the 3d of August, at the Three Rivers (Pitts- 
burgh). 

Third, on the i6th of August, at the mouth of the Mus- 
kingum (Marietta). 

Fourth, on the i8th of August, at the mouth of the Kas- 
kaskia (Point Pleasant). 

Celeron descended to the mouth of the Wabash. 



CAMPAIGN OF lysS. 



Letters of Generals Grant, Forbes and 
Bouquet. 



COPY OF major GRANT'S LETTER TO BRITISH 
GENERAL FORBES, UPON THE AFFAIR 

OF septembp:r 14, 1758- 

(Endorsed by Col. Bouquet.) 

September 14, 1758. 

Sir : — If it had been in my power to write sooner, you will 
do me the justice to believe that I should have troubled you 
long before this time with an account of the detachment 
which marched the 9th of September from the Camp of Loyal 
Hanna. 

We were lucky enough not to be discovered in our march, 
though several scouting parties passed very near us. We 
got to an advantageous post the 12th, about three in the after- 
noon, which, according to the information of all our guides, 
was ten or twelve miles from the French fort. I thought it 
was a proper place to encamp in, as I did not think it advis- 
able to go nearer, for fear of being discovered ; but I after- 
ward found that our guides were much mistaken about the 
distance, for, as near as I can judge, the camp is about sixteen 
miles from the top of the Hill, where we were to take post. 
The 13th, at break of day, I sent Major Lewis, with 200 men, and 
our Indians, with orders to post men in ambuscade, about five 

(63) 



64 grant's defeat. 

miles from the fort, which was all the precaution I could take 
to prevent our being discovered in the camp. I flattered 
myself that, if a reconnoitering party was sent out, it might 
possibly fall into the ambuscade, and, in that case, in all 
probability they must have been killed or taken ; and, if they 
had sent, in the event our plans succeeding, a second party 
from the fort, would have found the whole party ready to 
receive them. I ordered Mr. Chew to march with a party of 
fifteen or twenty men to reconnoitre the ground and to try, 
without exposing himself or the men, to draw a party of the 
enemy into the ambuscade. 

He only went with three Indians, who soon left him, and, 
by that means, in place of returning to Major Lewis' about 
ten o'clock as I expected, he was obliged to conceal himself 
till night came on, and he joined me upon the march about 
eleven o'clock at night. But I would not be understood to 
reflect upon him ; he is a good, brisk young lad. About three 
in the afternoon I marched forward to the rest of the detach- 
ment, and I found Major Lewis advantageously posted about 
four miles from our camp. The post, I was assured, was not 
seven miles from the fort, though I found it was above twelve. 
After giving orders to the troops, and particular instructions 
to the captains, I proceeded about six in the evening toward 
the fort, expecting to get to the top of the Hill about eleven 
at night ; but, as the distance was so much greater than I 
imagined, it was after two in the morning before we got 
there. The instructions, when I left Loyal Hanna, were that 
a particular party should be sent to attack each Indian fire, 
but, as these fires either had not been made, or were burnt 
out before we got to the ground, it was impossible to make 
any disposition of that kind. Major Lewis was informed of 
every particular of our project before we marched from Loyal 
Hanna, and was told there that he was to command the 




Fort Pittsburgh and its Environs, 

January, 1759. 

References to the above Sketch of Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburgh, 

WITH the adjacent COUNTRY. 



1. Monongehela River. 

2. Fort Du Quesne, or Pittsburgh. 

3. The Small Fort. 

4. Allegheny River. 

5. Allegheny Indian Town. 

6. Shanapins. 

7. Youghiogheny River. 

8. Ohio, or Allegheny River. 



9. Logs Town. 

10. Beaver Creek. 

11. Kuskuskies, the Chief Town of the Six 

Nations. 

12. Shingoes Town. 

13. Alliquippa. 

14. Sennakaas. 



The arrows show the course of the rivers. 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 65 

troops that were to be sent upon the attack. As I was to 
continue upon the height to make a disposition for covering 
his retreat (which we did not desire to be made in good order) 
and for forming the rear guard in our march from the fort, 
you will easily believe that he and I had frequent conversa- 
tions upon the march about our plan of operations. I sent 
for him the moment the troops arrived upon the hill opposite 
the fort, and told him that as we had been misinformed by 
the guides in regard to the distance, and had got there much 
later than we expected, it was impossible to make the pro- 
jected disposition of a party of men for the attack on each 
fire ; but that it was impossible to continue another day with- 
out being discovered, and that as the night was far advanced, 
there was no time to be lost. I therefore ordered him to 
march directly, with lOO Americans,* 200 Highlanders and 100 
Virginians, and to attack anything that was found about the 
fort. I gave orders that no attention should be paid to the 
sentries, who probably would challenge, and, in case they were 
fired upon they were not to return it upon any account— but 
to march on as fast as possible— and were not to fire a shot till 
they were close to the enemy ; and that after they discharged 
their pieces they were to use their bayonets without loading a 
second time. I told the Major that I would order all our drums 
and pipes to beat the retreat when it was time for the troops 
to relieve, that I was indifferent what order they came back in, 
that it was the same thing to me if there was not three of them 
together, provided they did the business they were sent upon. 
The Major had not half a mile to march into the open plain 
where the fort stands, the 400 men under his command had a 
white shirt over his clothes to prevent mistakes and that they 
might even at a distance distinguish one another. I saw the 
Americans and Highlanders march off and gave directions that 
the Virginians should fall in in the rear. Sending a greater 
* Royal Americans, 60th Regiment. 



66 cR ant's defeat. 

number of men might possibly, I thought, occasion confusion, 
and I was of opinion that 400 men were quite sufficient to 
carry the service into execution. I was absolutely certain we 
were not discovered when the troops marched from the hill. 
I thought our loss must be inconsiderable, and never doubted 
but that everything would succeed beyond our most sanguine 
expectations. 

After posting the remaining part of the troops in the best 
manner I could, I placed myself and the drums and pipes at the 
head of the Highlanders who were in the centre and exactly 
opposite the fort. During the operation the time passed. The 
day advanced fast upon us, I was turning uneasy at not hear- 
ing the attack begin, when to my great astonishment Major 
Lewis came up and told me " that it was impossible to do 
any thing, that the night was dark, that the road was bad, 
worse than anything I had ever seen, that there were logs of 
wood across it, that there were fences to pass, that the troops 
had fallen into confusion and that it was a mercy they had 
not fired upon one another, that they had made so much noise 
he was sure they must be discovered and that it was impos- 
sible for the men to find their way back through those woods." 
These were really the words he made use of ; this behaviour 
in an officer was new to me ; his conduct in overturning a long 
projected scheme and in disobeying such positive orders was 
so unaccountable that I could not speak to him with common 
patience, so that I just made answer to his last words, that 
the men according to the orders that had been given would 
have found their way back to the drums when the retreat beat. 
So I left him and went as fast as I could to Lieutenant Mc- 
Kenzie and Mr. Fisher to see what the matter was and to 
give directions for the attack if the thing was practicable. I 
found the troops in the greatest confusion I ever saw men 
in, which in truth was not surprising, for the Major had 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 67 

brought them back from the plain when he returned himself 
and everybody then took a road of their own. I found it 
was impossible to think of forming them for an attack, and 
the morning was too far advanced to send for the other 
troops from the other places where they were posted ; thus I 
was reduced, after all my hopes of success, to this melancholy 
situation. That something at least might be attempted, I sent 
Lieutenants Robinson and McDonald with fifty men, to make 
an attack at a place where two or three fires had been seen 
the night before. I desired them to kill a dozen of Indians 
if possible, and I would be satisfied. They went directly to 
the place they were ordered, and finding none of the Indians 
they set fire to the house, but it was day-light before they 
could return. I mention this last circumstance that it might 
appear clearly to you, it was not in my power to send a 
greater number. The surprise was complete, the governor 
knew nothing of us or our march, and in all probability the 
enterprise must have succeeded against the camp as well as 
against the Indians if the attempt had been made. So 
favorable an opportunity, I dare say, never was lost. 

The difiiculties which Major Lewis had represented to me 
to be insurmountable, appeared to me, as they certainly were, 
absolutely imaginary. I marched above twelve miles that 
night, with an advanced guard and flanking parties before it 
without the least confusion. The Major had not a mile to 
march to the fort, and above two-thirds of that was in an open 
plain, and I can safely declare that there is no part of the 
road in getting into the plain worse than what I had passed 
without any great difficulty in coming up the hill. I made 
no secret to the people who were then about me that I was 
so much dissatisfied with the Major's conduct that I was 
determined to carry him back to camp in arrest, that he 
might answer to you for his behaviour. Several officers 



68 grant's defeat. 

heard me say so. Mr. Bentinck, if he escaped, has no doubt 
informed you that such was my intention. However, I did 
not think it advisable to take any step of that kind till we 
were out of reach of the enemy. I therefore sent Major 
Lewis the 14th, at break of day, with the Americans and 
Virginians to reinforce Captain Bullet, whom I had left with 
about fifty men as a guard upon our horses and provisions 
within two miles of the fort, directly upon the road by which 
we were to return to our camp. I was afraid the enemy 
might possibly send a detachment that way to take possession 
of some passes to harass us in our march or perhaps to 
endeavor to cut us off in case we were forced to make a 
retreat, and I directed the Major to place these troops in 
ambuscade that he might have all the advantage possible of 
any party that could be sent out. About 7 in the morning,, 
after the fog was gone and the day cleared up, it was found 
impossible to take a plan of the fort from the height where 
the troops were posted, and as Colonel Bouquet and I had 
settled that a plan should be taken "a. la barke de la Garrise "" 
in case an attempt did not succeed in the night. 

I sent Mr. Rhor with Captain McDonald and a hundred 
men to take the place, with directions not to expose himself 
or the troops. About the same time, being informed that 
some of the enemy Indians had discovered Captain McKinzie, 
who was posted upon the left, almost facing the Monongehela, 
in order to put on a good countenance and to convince our 
men they had no reason to be afraid, I gave directions to 
our drums to beat the Reveille. The troops were in an advan- 
tageous post, and I must own I thought we had nothing to 
fear. In about half an hour after, the enemy came from the 
fort in different parties without much order, and getting be- 
hind trees, they advanced briskly and attacked our left, where 
there were 250 men. Captain McDonald and Lieutenant 
Campbell were soon killed, Lieutenant McDonald was 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 69 

woundea at the same time, and our people being overpowered 
gave way where those officers had been killed. I did all in 
my power to keep things in order, but to no purpose ; the lOO 
Pennsylvanians who were posted upon the right at the great- 
est distance from the enemy, went off without orders, without 
firing a shot ; in short, in less than half an hour all was in 
confusion, and as soon as that happened we were fired upon 
from every quarter. 

I endeavored to rally the troops upon every rising ground, 
and I did all in my power in that melancholy situation to 
make the best retreat I could. I sent an officer to Major 
Lewis to make the best disposition he could with the Ameri- 
cans and Virginians till I could come up, and I was in hopes 
to be able to make a stand there and at least to make a toler- 
able retreat. Unfortunately, upon hearing the firing the 
Major thought the best thing that could be done was to march 
to our assistance, unluckily they did not take the same road 
by which I marched the night before and by which they had 
passed that morning, and as I retired the same way I had 
advanced, I never saw them when I found Captain Bullet and 
his fifty men alone. I could not help saying to him that I 
was undone. However, though there was little or rather no 
hopes left, I was resolved to do the best I could, and whenever 
I could get any body to stay with me made a stand, sometimes 
with 100 and sometimes with 50, just as the men thought 
proper, for orders were to no purpose. Fear had then got 
the better of every other passion, and I hope I shall never see 
again such a pannick among troops — till then I had no concep- 
tion of it. 

At last, inclining to the left with about fifty men, where I 
was told a number of the Americans and Highlanders had 
gone, my party diminished insensibly, every soldier taking 
the road he liked best, and I found myself with not above a 
dozen of men and an officer of the Pennsylvanians who had 



70 grant's defeat. 

been left with Captain l^uUet. Surrounded on all sides by 
the Indians, and when I expected every instant to be cut to 
pieces, without a possibility of escaping, a body of the 
French with a number of their officers came up and offered me 
quarters, which I accepted of. I was then within a short 
league of the fort ; it was then about ii o'clock, and, as far 
as I can judge, about that time the French troops were called 
back and the pursuit ended. What our loss is, you best 
know, but it must be considerable. Captains McDonald and 
Munroe, Lieutenants Alex. McKenzie, Collin Campbell and 
Wm. McKenzie, Lieutenants Rider and Ensign Jenkins and 
Wollar are prisoners. Ensign J. McDonald is prisoner with 
the Indians ; from what I hear they have got two other of- 
ficers, whose names or corps I know not. Mr. Rhor and the 
officer who conducted the Indians were killed. Major 
Lewis and Captain McKenzie are prisoners. I am not 
certain that Lieutenant McKenzie was killed, but I have seen 
his commission, which makes it very probable. I spoke to 
Lieutenant McDonald, Senior, after he was wounded, and I 
think he could hardly make his escape. I wish I may be 
mistaken. This is the best account I can give you of our 
unlucky affair. I endeavoured to execute the orders which I 
had received to the best of my power ; as I have been un- 
fortunate, the world may possibly find fault in my conduct. 
I flatter myself that you will not. I may have committed 
mistakes without knowing them, but if I was sensible of them 
I most certainly should tell you in what I thought I had done 
wrong. I am willing to flatter myself that my being a pris- 
oner will be no detriment to my promotion in case vacancies 
should happen in the army, and it is to be hoped that the 
proper steps will be taken to get me exchanged as soon as 
possible. 

I have the honor to be, Sir, 

Your most obedient and most humble servant. 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 71 

P. S. — As Major Lewis is prisoner, I thought it was right 
to read to him that part of this letter which particularly con- 
cerns him. He says when he came back to speak to me,. 
that he gave no orders for the troops to retire from the plain. 
That Captain Saunder, who was the next officer to him, can 
best account for that step ; for they did retire, and I took it 
for granted that it was by the Major's orders, till he assured 
me of the contrary. Mr. Jenkins, of the Americans, is a 
pretty young lad, and has spirit. He is the oldest ensign, 
and is much afraid that being a prisoner will be a detri- 
ment to his promotion. He begs that I may mention him to 
you, and I could not think of refusing him. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER TO COLONEL BOUQUET. 

(No Endorsement or Address.) 

Raestown, September 23, 1758. 
Sh^: — Your letter of the 17th, from Loyal Hanning, I 
read with no less surprise than real concern, as indeed I 
could not well believe that such an attempt would have been 
carried into execution without my previous knowledge and 
concurrence, as you well know my opinion, and dread of the 
consequences of running any risque of the troops meeting 
with the smallest check. As well as my fears of alienating 
and altering the disposition of the Indians, at this critical 
time, who (tho' fickle and wavering), yet were seemingly 
well disposed to embrace our alliance and protection. But 
I need not recapitulate to you my many good reasons against 
any attempt of this kind being made at this time ; nor repeat 
to you how happy your assurances made me, of all my orders 
and directions having been (and would be) complyed with. 



']2 CiRAN'l" S DEFEAT. 

For which I rested secure, and plumed myself in our good 
fortune, in having the head of our army advanced, as it were, 
to the beard of the enemy, and secured in a good post well 
guarded and cautioned against surprise. Our roads almost 
completed ; our provisions all upon wheels, and all this with- 
out any loss on our side, and our small army all ready to join 
and act in a collected body whenever we pleased to attack the 
enemy, or that any favourable opportunity presented itself 
to us. 

Thus the breaking in upon — not to say disappointments of 
— our hitherto so fair and flattering hopes of success touches 
most sensibly. How far we shall find the bad effects of it, I 
shall not pretend to say. At present I shall suspend judging, 
altho' I have languished for the officer you promised to send 
me down — whom I have expected hourly — and a letter from 
you of your present situation, with the state of the posts, and 
the strength at them, that the escorts may be proportioned. 
I acquainted you of the state of our provisions, and the hopes 
I have of being immediately supplied with i,ooo barrels of 
pork and at least 1,200 barrels of flour, all of which, by this 
time, is actually upon its march, and will arrive here daily. 
So, I shall forward it as fast as I can, altho' large convoys and 
escorts are very inconvenient. The description of the roads is 
so various and disagreeable that I do not know what to think 
or say. Lieutenant Evans came down here the other day, and 
described the Laurell Hill as, at present, impracticable, but 
said he could mend it with the assistance of 500 men, fas- 
cines and fagots, in one day's time. 

Col. Stephens writes Col, Washington that he is told by 
everybody that the road from Loyal Hannon to the Ohio and 
the French fort is now impracticable. For what reason, or 
why, he writes thus I do not know ; but I see Col. Washington 
and my friend, Col. Byrd, would rather be glad this was true 



' CAMPAIGN OF I7S8. 73 

than otherways, seeing the other road (their favourite scheme) 
was not followed out. I told them plainly that, whatever they 
thought, yet I did aver that, in our prosecuting the present 
road, we had proceeded from the best intelligence that could 
be got for the good and convenience of the army, without any 
views to oblige any one province or another ; and added that 
those two gentlemen were the only people that I had met 
with who had shewed their weakness in their attachment 
to the province they belong to, by declaring so publickly in 
favour of one road without their knowing anything of the 
other, having never heard from any Pennsylvania person one 
word about the road ; and that, as for myself, I could safely 
say — and believed I might answer for you — that the good of 
the service was the only view we had at heart, not valuing the 
provincial interest, jealousy s, or suspicions, one single two- 
pence ; and that, therefore, I could not believe Col. Stephen's 
descriptions untill I had heard from you, which I hope you 
will very soon be able to disprove. 

I fancy what I said more on this subject will cure them 
from coming upon this topic again. However, I beg you will 
cause look into the Laurell Hill, and let it be set to rights as 
fast as possible ; and let all the different posts, and the dif- 
ferent convoys and escorts, as they pass along, repair the bad 
steps, and keep the roads already made in constant order. 

I have sent Mr. Basset back the length of Fort Loudoun, 
in order to divide the troops from thence to Juniata, in small 
partys, all along that road, who are to set it all to rights, and 
keep it so ; and as the partys are all encamped within five or 
six miles one of another, they serve as escorts to the pro- 
visions and forage that is coming up, at the same time. I am 
extreamly sorry for your loss of De Rhorr ; nor can I well 
conceive what I had to do there. Mr. Gordon, who, it seems, 
had the direction of the works here, left this without leaving 
6 



74 GRANT S DEFEAT. 

the plan or sketch of this place or environs, or leaving any 
directions, as far as I can yet learn, either with the people 
employed to carry the general plan into execution, or how 
that they were further to proceed ; and, notwithstanding the 
multiplicity of working-tools, I am at a loss to find a sufficient 
number for helping the roads and clearing the stumps or 
other impediments about the camp ; nor can I well imagine 
what is become of all the rest. 

There are two wounded Highland officers just now ar- 
riv'd, who give so lame an account of how matters proceeded, 
or any kind of description of the ground, that one can draw 
nothing from them — only that my friend Grant had most cer- 
tainly lost the tra won tctnc, and, by his thirst of fame, brought 
on his own perdition, and run a great risque of ours, which 
was far wide of the promises he made me at Carlisle, when 
soliciting to command a party, which I would not agree to ; 
and, very contrary to his criticisms upon Gen. Abercromby's 
late affair, has unhappily fallen into the individual same error, 
by his inconsiderate and rash proceeding. 

I understand by these officers that you have withdrawn the 
troops from your advanced post, which I attribute to its being 
too small for what you intended it, or that it did not answer 
the strength that you at first described it to me. I shall be 
glad to hear all your people are in spirits, and keep so, and that 
Loyall Hannon will be soon past any insult without cannon. 
I shall be soon afraid to crowd you with provisions, nor would 
I wish to crowd the troops any faster up, untill our maga- 
zines are thoroughly formed, if you have enough of troops for 
your own defence and compleating the roads ; and I see the 
absolute necessity there is for my stay here some days, in 
order to carry on the transport of provisions and forage, 
which, without my constant attention, would fail directly. 
The road forward to the Ohio must be reconnoitered again 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 75 

in order to be sure of our further progress, for it would-grieve 
me sadly that Mr. Washington or Mr. Byrd should have any 
reason to find fault with that, which without their knowledge 
they have so publickly exclaimed against. When you have 
settled things to your mind, I beg you will write me, and as 
soon as you conveniently can, come down, were it only for a 
day, and if Colonel Armstrong could be spared, should be 
glad he came along, in order to settle our further proceedings, 
and to seize the first favourable opportunity of marching 
directly forwards. The artillery that is left here I would 
march in two divisions to prevent a long train of waggons, 
and the tearing up the roads. The Congress at Eastown had 
the most favourable appearance, as there was 500 Indians 
already come in, but what they will now do, God knows. Pray 
make up a hovell or hutt for me at L. Hannon or any other 
of the posts with a fire place if possible. Sir John St. Clair 
says that if I say he was in the wrong to Colonel Stevens, he 
will readily acknowledge it. I do not choose meddling, but 
I think Colonel Stevens might act, and trust to Sir John's 
acknowledgment. 

I am, dear sir. 

Your most obedient servant, 

Jo. Forbes. 

[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER BY COLONEL BOUQUET.^ 

(Endorsed.) 

Loyal Hanna, Sept. 17, 1758. 
Camp at Loyal Ha7ina, Sept. 17, 1758. 

Sir:—\VL the situation in which you are, sick, etc., it is with 
double regret, that I must inform you of the misfortune 

* To General Amherst. 



76 grant's defeat. 

which has happened to Major Grant, who after a long engage- 
ment has been defeated on the 14th current. 

I do not make any apology for the part which I took in this 
affair. I leave the detail of facts to condemn or justify me. 

The da}^on which I arrived at the camp, which was the 7th, 
it was reported to me that we were surrounded by parties 
of Indians, several soldiers having been scalped, or made 
prisoners. 

Being obliged to have our cattle and our horses in the 
woods, our people could not guard or search for them, without 
being continually liable to fall into the hands of the enemy. 

Lieutenant Col. Dagworthy and our Indians not having 
yet arrived, I ordered two companies each of a hundred 
men to occupy the path ways and try to cut off the enemies 
in their ambush and release our prisoners. These detach- 
ments being ready to march, Major Grant drew me aside and 
said that he was surprised that I took this method, after so 
many proofs that these little parties never did anything, and 
served to lose our men and discourage our people ; but if I 
would give him five hundred men, he would go to the 
fort, reconnoitre the roads and the forces of the enemy, 
which according to all our reports does not exceed six hundred 
French and Indians, that this was confirmed by a party which 
had entered the town, and that whatever detachments 
they could make, they could not send out more than they 
have, and that by erecting an ambuscade he could take 
prisoners. 

I made some objection to letting him go, but he insisted, 
and influenced by his reasons and the situation in which we 
found ourselves I consented and countermanded the two 
parties who were under arms. Having sent for Col. Burd and 
Major Lewis (Lieut. Col. Stephen being under arrest I told 
his Major to inform him of the affair), I informed these 



CAMPAIGN OF 1758. ^^ 

gentlemen of the proposition made by Major Grant to pro- 
cure for us sure intelligence which would give us some advan- 
tage over the Indians, who insulted us every day with impu- 
nity, and that this would be the way to cure our men of the 
fear which they had of them. Those who had escaped from 
their attacks had thrown down their arms that they might fly 
faster. 

I begged them to give me their opinion upon a project 
of which I had several times spoken to Major Grant at Rays- 
town, which was to attack during the night the Indians who 
camped around the Fort in huts, and that the disposition could 
be made thus: Lieutenant-Colonel Dagworthy (who should 
arrive this evening or to-morrow with the Indians) should 
march with 900 men to the post, which was known to be 10 
miles distant, there construct an entrenchment and remain 
with 200 men. The Major should march with 300 High- 
landers, 100 R. A., 150 Virginians, 100 Marylanders and 100 
Pennsyia, and all the Indians to the neighborhood of the 
fort, regulating their march so as to be five miles from 
the fort in the evening, with the precautions necessary to 
prevent a surprise ; and from there he would send the Indians 
and such of the officers as knew the environs of the place to 
reconnoitre, and if he found by the appearance of the enemy 
that he had not been discovered, he would advance on the 
hill, half a mile from the fort, when he would reconnoitre 
himself the fires of the Indians and make his arrangements 
accordingly. In case he saw them around their fires, he, 
should send parties of his detachment with white shirts over 
their clothes to attack them soon after midnight, the bayonets 
on the guns and only fire in extremity, it not being difficult 
to surprise them, as they do not keep sentinels. This coup, 
made or missed, he should beat a retreat to the height, 
where they should stop with the rest of the troops and the 



78 grant's defeat. 

Indians, and as soon as his people, directed by the sound, 
should have joined him, he should immediately retire six 
miles from the fort before day, and there form an ambuscade 
of all his men and the Indians, in case the enemy should 
follow, leaving a small company round the post to observe 
their movements and inform him of them. If he should 
conquer them at the ambuscade he could then return safely 
to the fort to take a plan of it and reconnoitre the environs. 
But if by his spies or himself he finds that he was discovered, 
he should only think of retiring. This is the plan that was 
proposed, and to execute it preparations were made the next 
day. 

On the 9th he departed, and I joined him on the loth at 
the post, where Lieutenant-Colonel Dagworthy should have 
stopped. I remained here all night, and saw him depart on 
the nth with his detachment in good order. This post being 
nearly ready for defence, I returned to the camp. Instead 
of this plan, which did not compel him to fight, or which 
gave him in that case every advantage of disposition, and 
choice of ground with all his troops together, here is what he 
appears to have done: Having arrived at the height only 
one fire was seen, but Ensign Chew, who had reconnoitered, 
said that all the Indians lay in the block houses, which were 
easy to force. He sent there Major Lewis with 400 men; 
some confusion being among the troops he feared he had 
been discovered and returned to join Major Grant, who sent 
there at once two companies of Highlanders. They visited 
the block houses, and found no one. They put out the fire 
and returned. The Major, according to his orders, should 
have retired, but unfortunately he thought that the garrison 
was too weak to dare risk a sortie, and in consequence 
he remained on the height untill morning. He then 
beat the reveille in different places, and ordered Major Lewis 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 79 

to place himself in ambuscade with the baggage and lOO 
R. A., 150 Virginians, 200 Highlanders, 100 'Maryl' and 
100 Penns. were placed on the heights, and he sent Captain 
McDonald with 100 Highlanders, drums beating, straight to 
the fort. Some one had seen a party leave the garrison 
as though they would cut off the retreat. Hardly had 
McDonald gone half the distance, when he heard the whoop 
of the Indians, followed immediately by a sortie of nearly 
300 French and Indians, who fell upon them. He killed so 
many of these people at his first fire that they turned aside 
and surrounded him. He pierced through them, where he was 
killed. The companies of Monro and McKenzie, who de- 
scended to their assistance, were put in disorder and the Cap- 
tain killed. As the enemy continually received reinforce- 
ments, all the troops were soon engaged, and the fire sustained 
a long time after our men. yielded. Major Lewis, who was 
distant about two miles, heard the firing, urged by his officers 
and the soldiers, quit his post to go to their assistance. He 
arrived just at the moment our men retired in disorder 
towards his post. He had gained a height which had put his 
men out of breath, and, stopping, they found themselves 
under fire of the enemy. The action was, nevertheless, still 
very lively and for a long time disputed. At last our men 
yielded, and there remained only a scene of confusion, not- 
withstanding all the efforts of Major Grant to rally them. 
They would have been cut to pieces probably had not Captain 
Bullet of the Virginians, with 100 men, sustained the combat 
with all their power, until, having lost two-thirds of his men, 
he was driven to the shore of the river, where he found the 
poor Major. He urged him to retire, but he said he would 
not quit the field of battle as long as there was a man who 
would fight. My heart is broke (said he) I shall never outlive 
this day. They were soon surrounded, and the Frenchmen, 



8o grant's defeat. 

calling him by his name, offered quarter. He would not 
accept it. They would not fire on him, wishing to take him 
prisoner. Captain Bullet continued firing. At last they also 
fired and drove his party into the Ohio, where a great number 
were drowned. Bullet escaped, but I have no news of the 
Major. 

At the first news of his misfortune I sent Lieutenant- 
Colonel Stephen with 300 men to join Lieutenant-Colonel 
Dagworthy to cover their retreat. The Indians did not 
pursue them far. Our post misses some officers and it lacks 
yet 270 men. Many have crossed the river, and it is thought 
many will escape. Our Catawbas did not fire and the Tusca- 
raras and Nottaways did very well. 

It appears from the testimony of the Indians and of our 
men that the French have lost many men, mostly Indians. 
The French did not try to kill but to make prisoners, and it 
seems for the first time they shewed humanity, which makes 
me hope that the Major and several others of the officers 
whom we miss are saved. 

I have written to Colonel Washington to march to Rays 
Town, leaving 100 men at Cumberland, until the arrival of the 
militia of Maryland. This reinforcement is necessary to 
secure to our convoys communication. Contrary to my ex- 
pectations the troops do not appear depressed by this check, 
and if all was ready elsewhere, they would be more ready than 
ever to go to the front. Reports of an action in the woods 
are so confused that I cannot render you an exact account of 
what happened there, but I will send to you an officer as soon 
as I know what is best to do. Many of the arms are broken, 
some lost. We must have others to replace them. We are 
assured that the Delawares and the Shawnees were against 
us, and among the men taken and scalped around the camp is 
a German who came, it is said, from Ohio, and who, I suppose, 



CAMPAIGN OF I758. 8I 

was sent by the Governor of Pennsylvania. The enemy had 
received a considerable reinforcement the evening of the 
action. The account of their number varies from 3000 to 
1260. There was discovered on the island a camp with more 
than 100 tents. For the state of the roads and the fort I 
refer you to the report which the officer will deliver to you. 
The post is much more considerable than we had thought 
and many new works have been added. We have not seen an 
• Indian for eight days, we think that after this success it will 
be difficult for the French to keep them. I will send a letter 
to the Governor to make known the fate of those who are 
missing. 

The Provincials appear to have done well and their good 
men are better in this war than the regular troops. 

I will not add any reflections on this affair, they are too 
unpleasant. If the French wish to attack us in their turn, 
we will be in two days ready to receive them, being all reunited 
at this post. 

I have the honor, to be. Sir, 

Your very obedt. servant, 

Henry Bouquet. 



[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER OF COL. BURD UPON THE ATTACKS. 

(On his Majesty's Service.) 
Camp at Loyal Hannon, October 12, 1758. 
To Col. Bouquet at Stoney Creek on the Laurell Hill : 

Dear Sir:— I had the pleasure to receive your favours of 
this date this evening at 7 p.m. I shall be glad to see you. I 
send you, through Lieut.- Coll. Lloyd (who marches to you 
with 200 men), the 100 falling axes, etc., you desire. 



82 grant's defeat. 

This day, at ii a.m., the enemy fired twelve guns to the 
southwest of us, upon which I sent out two partys to sur- 
round them ; but instantly the firing increased, upon which I 
sent out a larger party of 500 men. They were forced to the 
camp, and immediately a regular attack ensued, which lasted 
a long time ; I think about two hours. But we had the 
pleasure to do that honour to his majesty's arms, to keep his 
camp at Loyal Hannon. I can't inform you of our loss, nor 
that of the enemy. Must refer you for the particulars to 
Lieut. -Col. Lloyd. One of their soldiers, which we have 
mortally wounded, says they were 1200 strong and 200 
Indians, but I can ascertain nothing of this further. I have 
drove them off the field ; but I don't doubt of a second attack. 
If they do I am ready. 

Being most sincerely, 
My dear sir. 

Your most sincere friend and 
Obe't humble serv't, 

James Burd. 

[Since writing we have been fired upon.] 

Col. Bouquet. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

\TJic address torn aivay all but tJie tvord "Rays Tozv}i."'\ 

Rays Dudgeon, October 13, 1758, 10 p.m. 
Sir : — After having written to you this morning, I went to 
reconnoitre Laurell Hill, with a party of eighty men, some 
firing of guns around us made me suspect that it was the sig- 
nal of an enemy's party. I sent to find out, and one of our 
party having perceived the Indians, fired on them. We con- 
tinued our march and have found a very good road for ascend- 



CAMPAIGN OF 1 758. 83 

ing the mountain, although very stony in two places. The 
old road is absolutely impracticable. 

I have had this afternoon a second letter from Colonel Burd. 
The enemies have been all night around the entrenchements, 
and have made several false attacks. The cannon and the 
cohortes* have held them in awe, and until the Colonel had sent 
to reconnoitre the environs, he was not sure that they had 
retired. At this moment is heard from the mountains several 
cannon shots which makes me judge that the enemies have not 
yet abandoned the party, and at all events I am going to 
attempt to re-enter this post before day. The 200 men 
which Colonel Burd sent to me, have eaten nothing for two 
days. I received this moment provisions from Stoney Creek 
and will depart in two hours. 

I have not got any report of our loss, two officers from 
Maryland have been killed, and one wounded. Duncannon 
of Virginia mortally wounded, also one officer of the first Bat- 
talion of Pennsylvania, and nearly fifty men. 

The loss of the enemy must be considerable to judge by 
the reports of our men and the fire which they have clearly 
wasted. Without this cursed rain we would have arrived in 
time with the artillery and 200 men, and I believe it would 
have made a difference. 

As soon as it is possible, I will send you word how we are. 
Be at rest about the post. I have left it in a state to defend 
itself against all attacks without cannon, and I learn that they 
have finished all that remains to be done. 

I am with entire devotion, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

Henry Bouquet. 



* Troop of 500 fort soldiers. 



BOUQUET PAPERS. 



S. EcuYER. Commandant at Fort Pitt, 176^. 



JOURNAL, letters AND ORDERLY BOOK AND 
A letter from GENERAL BOUOUET. 



Fort Pitt, May 14, 1763. 

A number of Six Nation Indians that lived about 90 (miles 
distant on the) Ohio below this, came up and settled at Pine 
Creek and began to (plant corn). 

17th, Their chiefs collected a number of horses their young 
men had stolen and delivered them up. From this to the 
26th they continued planting their corn. 

27th, Two men that went up the Ohio about 7 miles, to 
where the Munsies were settled, returned and informed me 
that all the Indians the night before had removed from their 
towns and carried everything with them, leaving their corn- 
fields open : this made us suspect that some mischief about 
here was immediately intended. A number of Delawares with 
a large quantity of skins came in and dealt them ; the uncom- 
mon dispatch and indifference of what they took for them, 
and their chief seeming to press Mr. McKee to go down the 
country and not to stay above four days, still gave us more 
suspicion of the Indian designs and caused the inhabitants to 
arm themselves. 

28th, Two Shawnese came in from hunting. 

29th, At break of day this morning three men came in from 

(84) 



Ft Fresqisle 




S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 85 

Colonel Clapham's, who was settled at the Sewickly old town, 
about 25 miles from here, on the Youghyogane river, with an 
account that Colonel Clapham, with one of his men, two 
women and a child were murdered by Wolfe and some other 
Delaware Indians, about 2 o'clock the day before. The 
27th Wolfe, with some others robbed one Mr. Coleman on 
the road between this and Ligonier, of upwards of 50^^. The 
women that were killed at Colonel Clapham's were treated 
in such a brutal manner that decency forbids the mentioning. 
This evening" we had two soldiers killed and scalped at the 
saw-mill. 

May 30th, All the inhabitants moved in to the fort. About 
4 o'clock one Coulson came in who had been a prisoner (at 
the lower) Shawnese town, and gave the following account. 
We came to the town with some traders, where an Indian 
arrived from the Lakes (with a) belt to acquaint the Dela- 
wares that Detroit was taken, the post at Sundusky burnt, 
and all the garrison put to death, except the officer whom 
they made prisoner. Upon this news, the Beaver and Shin- 
gess (the two Chiefs of the Delawares, commonly called King 
B and King S) came and acquainted Mr. Calhoon (the trader 
there) with it, and desired him to move away from there as 
quick as possible, with all his property, and that they sent 
three Indians to conduct him and the rest of the white people 
safe to this post, and yesterday as they were crossing Beaver 
Creek, being fourteen in number, they were fired on and he 
believes all were killed except himself. 

31st, Two of Mr. Calhoon's men came in and confirmed the 
above account. A second express was despatched this night 
to the general. 

June 1st, Two men who were sent off express last night to 
Venango returned, being fired on at Shanipin's Town and 
one of them wounded in the leg. About 12 o'clock two men 



86 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

came from Redstone and the same night were sent back with 
orders for the Sergeant to repair to this post and bring the 
country people with him with 600 lbs. powder that was there 
belonging to some traders. About 6 o'clock in the afternoon 
Mr. Calhoon came in and brought the following account 
which he took in writing from the Indians at Tuskarawas. 

Tuskarawas, May 27, 1763, 11 o'clock at night, King Bea- 
ver with Shingess, Windohala, Wingenum and Daniel and 
William Anderson came and delivered me the following in- 
telligence (by a string of Wampum). 

BrotJicr: Out of regard to you and the friendship that 
formerly subsisted between (our) grandfathers and the Eng- 
lish, which has been lately renewed by us, we come to inform 
you of the news we had heard, which you may depend upon 
as true. 

Brother: All the English that were at Detroit were killed 
ten days ago, not one left alive. 

At Sandusky all the white people there were killed 5 days 
ago, nineteen in number, except the officer who is a prisoner 
and one boy who made his escape, whom we have not heard of. 
At the mouth of the Twigtwee River (about 80 miles from 
Sandusky by water) Hugh Crawford with one boy was taken 
prisoner and six men killed. At the Salt Licks five days ago 
5 white men were killed, we received the account this day ; 
we have seen a number of tracks on the road between this 
and Sandusky not far off, which we are sure is a party coming 
to cut you and your people off, but as we have sent a man to 
watch their motions, request you may think of nothing you 
have here, but make the best of your way to some place of 
safety, as we would not desire to see you killed in our town ; 
be careful to avoid the road and every part where Indians 
resort. 

Brother: What goods and other effects you have here you 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 87 

need not be uneasy about them, we assure you that we will 
take care to keep them safe for six months, perhaps by that 
time we may see you or send you word what you may expect 
from us further. We know there is one white man at Gich- 
anga, don't be concerned for him, we will take care to send 
him safe home. 

Brother: We desire you to tell George Croghan and all 
your great men (that they) must not ask us any thing about 
this news, or what has happened, as we are not all concerned 
in it : the nations that have taken up the hatchet against you 
are the Ottawas and Chipawas and when you first went to 
speak with these people you did not consult us upon it, there- 
fore we desire you may not expect that we are to account for 
any mischief they do, what you would know further about 
this news you must learn by the same road you just went, but 
if you will speak with us you must send one or two men only, 
and we will hear them. 

Brother: We thought your king had made peace with us 
and all the Western Nations of Indians, for our part we joined 
it heartily and desired to hold it always good, and you may 
depend upon it we will take care not to be readily cheated or 
drawn into a war again, but as we are settled between you and 
these nations who have taken up the hatchet against you we 
desire you will send no warriors this way till we are removed 
from this, which we will do as soon as we conveniently can ; 
when we will permit you to pass without taking notice, till 
then we desire they may go by the first road you went. 

Gave a String. 

The following is what Mr. Calhoon learned on his journey 
from one of these three Indians who were sent (to conduct him) 
safe there, viz. Daniel before mentioned as one of their chiefs. 
That Detroit was not really taken but had been attacked by 



88 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

the Indians four days before the messenger who brought the 
account left it, which Mr. Calhoon imagines must have been 
from about the 13th to the 17th of May and that the Indians 
had not then met with much success, but strongly persisted in 
carrying on the attack and said they were determined not (to) 
give over till they took it, and that the English had sent out 
three Belts of Wampum and the French two, desiring them to 
desist, which they refused. Mr. Calhoon says that when he and 
his people left Tuskerawas fourteen in number the Indians 
refused to let them bring their arms, telling them that the 
three Indians who were going along with them were sufficient 
to conduct them safe, and that the next day passing Beaver 
Creek they were fired upon by a party of Indians, when their 
guides immediately disappeared without interfering for them, 
and he is convinced that they were led by their guides know- 
ingly to this party in order to be cut off, from which himself 
with three of his people only have escaped. 

Mr. Calhoon further says that having lost his way and fall- 
ing in upon the road leading to Venango, about seventy miles 
above this post he saw a number of Indian tracks, which had 
gone that way — two men were sent to the General with the 
intelligence received. 

This morning an order was issued by the (commander of 
the fort), to pull down and burn all the out-houses. 

June 2d, Three men, who were sent a second time express 
to Venango, returned after going about twenty miles, hav- 
ing fallen in with a party of (Indians). While our people 
were engaged to-day in burning the houses on the hill, the 
Indians set fire to Thompson's house, about half a mile from 
the fort. 

3d and 4th, All the garrison were employed in repairing 
and strengthening the fort. 

5th, 2 o'clock at night one Benjamin Sutton came in, who 



S. ECUVER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 89 

says he left Redstone (or Fort Burd) two days ago and found 
that place evacuated, and saw a number of shoe tracks going 
towards Fort Cumberland which he supposes was the garri- 
son, that there was with him there a white man named Hicks 
and an Indian named Kecois, who would have burnt the fort 
had he not persuaded them from it, that Hicks told him that 
an Indian war had broken out and that he would kill the white 
people wherever he found them, and went with intention to 
murder Madcalf's people, nine miles from here, who had 
removed some time before ; he says they intended to have 
taken him prisoner, but the wind blowing hard and it growing 
very dark when he came nigh the fort he made for it and called 
to the sentinel. Hicks and the Indian went by in their bark 
canoes. 

6th, Nothing extraordinary. 

June 7th, This morning Mr. Wilkins, with his wife and orre 
child arrived here in a day and a half from Venango. 

The following intelligence which arrived the day before 
they left, was brought by express from Presqu' Isle : 

That Lieutenant Cuyler, an officer of the Queen's Rangers, 
had arrived there, who informed us that he had been as far as 
the mouth of Detroit River with an escort of about one hun- 
dred men, ten batteaux and 139 barrels of provisions, where he 
was attacked the 28th May, at 1 1 o'clock at night, that he had 
2 sergeants, 52 privates, a woman and a child killed, himself 
with three privates wounded, two since dead of their wounds, 
that he saved only two batteaux with five barrels of pork, that 
he then retreated to the Fort Sandusky, which place he found 
destroyed, and from thence he made the best of his way to 
Presqu' Isle where arrived; he also says that Lieutenant 
Schlosser's post was destroyed and the garrison cut off. A 
number of canoes were brought and left in the night on the 
other side of the Monongehela River, opposite to the fort. 

7 



90 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

9th, By a great smoke which rose up the river, we suppose 
the enemy has burnt Mr. Croghan's house, the smoke rising 
where we imagine his house stood. Nine o'clock, two more 
expresses were sent to Venango. 

loth. This morning the two expresses returned, having 
lost themselves in the night. About 10 o'clock in the morning 
as some of the militia were putting up some fences about 1000 
yards from the fort the enemy fired on them, they returned 
the fire and retreated safe to the fort. 

June nth, At break of day some Indians were discovered 
among the ruins of the upper town. 

About 10 o'clock at night they set fire to a house, on which 
a shell was thrown among them, some time after Indians 
were seen in the lower town and some hallooing heard at a 
small distance from the fort. 

1 2th, An Indian was discovered from the garden; about 
II o'clock a party, out cutting spelts, saw two Indians and 
fired on them, on which a number more appeared and fired 
on our people, who returned it ; on some round shot being 
fired from the cannons in the fort the Indians ran off, 

13th and 14th, Nothing worth notice. 

15th, A party was sent out to cut spelts and were fired on. 
Sergeant Miller of the militia, contrary to orders, with three 
others advanced to Grant's Hill, and just as they had gained 
the summit, Miller was shot dead, a party advancing drove 
the enemy off and prevented their scalping him. Between 1 1 
and 12 o'clock at night, as an express from Bedford was chal- 
lenged by one of the sentinels from the rampart the enemy 
fired a number of shots at him and the sentinels in the fort. 
i6th, Four Shawnees appeared on the opposite side of the 
Ohio, and desired that Mr. McKee would go over and speak 
to them, which he did and they made him the following- 
speech : 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 9I 

'^ Brother, We received the message you sent us on the 
death of Colonel Clapham, and our chiefs desired us to inform 
you that they will take care of the traders in our towns. Mr. 
Baird and Gibson were taken by the Delaware Indian called 
Sir William Johnson and his people at the Muskingum town 
and carried to our town. Our chiefs say they will take care of 
them until the war is over. We came to enquire news, we 
have heard none since the time the message with the belt and 
bloody hatchet came from the Lake Indians to the Delaware 
and Tuskarawas, acquainting them that they had struck the 
English and desired that they would join them. The captains 
and warriors of the Delawares pay no regard to their chiefs, 
who advised them not to accept the hatchets, but are deter- 
mined to prosecute the war against you. It was the Six Na- 
tions that left this and the Delawares that killed your people 
at Beaver Creek with Mr. Calhoon." 

An express was sent off in the night to Bedford. 

June 17th, The same Indians came and called again and 
desired Mr. McKee would come over, he refused; they then 
recommended him to set off for the inhabitants in the night, 
or to come over to them and they would take care of him at 
their towns till the war was over; they acquainted him that 
all the Nations had taken up the hatchet against us and that 
they intended to attack this post with a great body in a few 
days, that Venango and all the other posts were already cut off, 
that they were afraid to refuse taking up the hatchet against 
us as so many nations had done it to force us to come to them. 
About 12 o'clock at night two expresses came in from Ligo- 
nier with letters from the General.* 

1 8th, The enemy set fire to another house up the Ohio. 
One o'clock in the morning the two expresses that came last 
set off for Ligonier again with letters. 

* Amherst. 



92 HOUgUET PAPERS. 

June 19th, Two Indians crept along the bank of the Mo- 
nongehela towards the sentinel who was posted on the bank 
of the river and fired at him. Soon after a number of Indians 
were seen at the head of the fields, taking off some horses, 
as the garrison was turning out a soldier's gun went off by 
accident and mortally wounded him, of which he died the 
next day. 

20th, Nothing extraordinary. 

2ist, About II o'clock at night the Indians on the opposite 
side of the Monongehela repeated all's well after our sentinels. 

22d, Between 9 and 10 o'clock in the morning a smoke was 
seen rising on the back of Grant's Hill, where the Indians had 
made a fire, and about 2 o'clock several of them appeared in 
the Spelt's* field, driving off the horses and cattle. About 5 
o'clock one James Thompson, who it was supposed was gone 
after a horse, was killed and scalped in sight of the fort ; on 
this a great number of Indians appeared on each river and on 
Grant's Hill, shooting down the cattle and horses. A shell 
was thrown amongst a number of them from a howitzer, which 
burst just as it fell among them. About an hour after they 
fired on the fort from Grant's Hill and the other side of the 
Ohio, a shot from the opposite side of the Ohio wounded a 
man in Monongehela Bastion. About 7 o'clock three Indians 
were seen about 150 yards from the fort on the Monongehela 
bank. Mr. McKee and two others fired on them and killed 
one of them. 

23d, About 12 o'clock at night, two Delawares called for 
Mr. McKee and told him they wanted to speak to him in the 
morning. 

24th, The Turtle's Heart, a principal warrior of the Dela- 
wares, and Mamaltee (a chief) came within a small distance of 
the fort, Mr. McKee went out to them and they made a speech, 

* Spelts. German wheat. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 93 

letting US know that all our posts, and Ligonier was destroyed, 
that great numbers of Indians were advancing, but that out 
of regard to us they had prevailed on six nations of Indians 
not to attack us but give us time to go down the country, and 
they desired we should set off immediately. 
. The commanding officer thanked them, let them know that 
we had everything we wanted, that we could defend it against 
all the Indians in the woods, that we had three large armies 
marching to chastise those Indians that had struck us, told 
them to take care of their women and children, but not to tell 
any other Nations, they said they would go and speak to their 
chiefs and come and tell us what they said, they returned and 
said they would hold fast the chain of friendship. Out of 
our regard to them we gave them two blankets and an hand- 
kerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have 
the desired effect. They then told us that Ligonier had been 
attacked, but that the enemy was beaten off. 

The 25th, A Shawnee Indian came across the river and 
spoke to Mr. McKee and told him that two days ago, sixty 
miles off, he left a large body of Indians on their march for 
this place, to attack it, and the Delawares that were here, 
were going to join them. 

About 5 o'clock in the afternoon, two soldiers belonging to 
the garrison of Lc Boeuf came in and informed us that Ensign 
Price would be here the next morning. 

The 26th, Six o'clock in the morning Ensign Price, with 
five men came in from Le Boeuf and gave the following 
account of his miraculous escape from that place, and while 
they were bringing him across the river seven Indians showed 
themselves on Grant's Hill. 

Early in the morning of the i8th instant five Indians came 
to his post and asked for some tobacco and provisions, which 
he gave them. Soon after they went off, about thirty men 



94 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

came down the road leading to Presqii' Isle, laid their arms 
a short distance off, and came and asked liberty to come in 
and said they were going to war against the Cherokees, would 
stay with him that night and that they proposed to pass by 
Fort Pitt in order to speak with Mr. Croghan ; Mr. Price 
suspecting their design had all his people under arms and 
would not suffer them to go in, upon this the Indians took up 
their arms and got to the back of an out store, where they 
picked out the stones it was underpinned with and got into it, 
then they began to roll out the barrels of provisions and shoot, 
fired arrows into the top of the block house which was put 
out several times, this continued till some time in the night, 
when Mr. Price, finding it impossible to defend the place any 
longer or prevent its being consumed, took advantage of the 
night, got all his people out at a window and made off without 
being observed, but unfortunately left six of his men and a 
woman who he supposes fell into the hands of the enemy, 
some time after he left the block house, the Indians began to 
fire upon it, when he came to Venango he found it in ashes, 
kept the road all the way here and saw the bones of several 
people who had been killed while going to Venango : they 
were Six Nation Indians who attacked him. 

Mr. Price. gives an account likewise which some persons in 
the sloop from Detroit had brought to Presqu' Isle. About the 
beginning of May a large body of Indians (1,500 in number) 
came to Detroit under pretence of holding a treaty with 
Major Gladwin, but Monsieur Baubee finding out their design 
apprised Major Gladwin of it, who immediately ordered his 
garrison under arms and would not permit them to come in, 
upon this the Indians sent two of their principal warriors in, 
to desire he would come out and treat with them, which he 
did not think proper to do, but detained the two warriors and 
sent out Capt. Campbell and Lieutenant McDougal to know 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 95 

what they wanted, whom the Indians made prisoners and 
then rushed up and endeavoured to force the gate, but the 
garrison being under arms and prepared for them, fired upon 
them, killed forty on the spot and wounded many more ; the 
Indians carried on the attack for two weeks before the sloop 
left it ; it was three weeks before she arrived at Presque Isle, 
owing to contrary winds. The garrison at De Troit had no 
provisions but a little corn which Baubee furnished them, 
the French inhabitants there are not concerned in this war 
but live on their farms as usual, the sloop was attacked all 
the way down the De Troit River and the Indians sent Capt. 
Campbell on board of her to desire Capt. Newman to deliver 
her up, who sent for an answer that he was determined to 
fight them, he is gone to Niagara and proposes to return to 
Detroit with p]-ovisions. 6 o'clock in the afternoon a soldier 
who made his escape from Presqu' Isle and says that on the 
19th inst. that post was attacked by 250 Indians which contin- 
ued for two days and that the Indians had made holes in the 
bank and fired through, that the officer Mr. Christy capitu- 
lated, that the Indians were to give them 6 days' provisions 
and escort them safe to this post. It was the Ottawas, Chip- 
awas, Wayondotts, and Senecas that took the post, and after 
they had delivered the Indians their arms, while the Indians 
were engaged in carrying out the provisions and other stores, 
he being at some distance hearing a woman scream he 
imagined they were beginning to tomahawk the garrison he 
made his escape, that another soldier likewise attempted to 
make his escape but fears he did not get off, that the Indians 
had fired the roof of the Block House a great many times 
before they capitulated and that they as often put it out, he 
further says that the schooner was in sight and kept there 
sounding with their boats to try if they could get in to their 
assistance, but that there was not water enough, that the 



96 nouyuET i'ai'kks. 

Indians told them they had destroyed 800 barrels of provis- 
ions at the store house where the schooner was to load and 
that he believes the schooner had no provisions on board. 
Nine o'clock at night two expresses were sent off to the Gen- 
eral by way of Fort Cumberland on the other side of the 
Monongehela with these accounts. 

27th, Six o'clock in the afternoon four men and one woman, 
of the garrison of Le Boeuf came in, who, it was feared, had 
fallen into the hands of the enemy ; they say they left the 
other two men of that garrison about thirty miles off, not 
being able to come along. The other soldier from Presqu' 
Isle, who, it was thought, was captured, came in with these 
people and confirms the account already received respecting 
that garrison. These soldiers say, soon after they left the 
fort they heard two guns and the death halloo. Mr. Price 
says that the schooner brought an account of Sir Robert 
Davers, Captain McKay and Captain Robinson being killed 
by the Indians before the attack begun at D'Troit, while they 
were sounding the depth of the water in the lake near the 
mouth of D'Troit River. 

28th, Several Indians have been seen to-day on Grant's 
hill and about the fields. About 9 o'clock at night the sen- 
tinels discovered some canoes in the river and presently 
after saw some people in the ditch. The garrison turned 
out to their alarm posts, remained under arms till 12 o'clock, 
then went to their barracks, all but the guard. A great smoke 
was seen up the river this morning, supposed to be a house 
on fire. 

29th, This morning numbers of Mockeson tracks were seen 
in the ditch where the enemy were last night. 

30th, Nothing extraordinary. A few Indians seen who 
called to a man that went to drive some cattle in. 

July 1st, Six or seven Indians showed themselves this 
morning at the upper end of the garden. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 97 

2d, About 7 o'clock this morning some Indians appeared 
on Grant's Hill; at 12 o'clock they came into the' cornfield, 
drove off a number of cows and shot at several ; this night 
several Indians were seen near the Glacis. 

3d, At 10 o'clock this morning as a party of men went to the 
gardens for greens, etc., they were fired upon by some Indians 
who had hidden within thirty yards of the fort ; our people 
hurried forward and fired upon them, and it was thought 
that Adam Terrence either killed or wounded one badly, as 
the others were seen helping or carrying him away. Our 
people pursued them till they were ordered back ; they found 
his tomahawk, pipe and a handkerchief which he dropped. 
At 10 o'clock two guns were heard on the opposite side of 
the Allegheny, and immediately four Indians appeared naked 
and their bodies painted with different colors, singing as they 
came along according to their custom when appearing as 
friends ; they had two small sets of British colors. Mr. McKee 
went down and asked who they were and what their business 
was ; they answered him they were Ottawas and came from 
D'Troit ten days ago, where they said everything was settled 
between them and us in that place, and that they had brought 
letters from the commanding officer there, therefore desired 
to be brought over. Notwithstanding the fair appearance 
they came under, McKee directed them to go up the river 
and cross at a place where the Indians were frequently seen 
crossing, and while they were away a canoe was sent and 
left for them on the other side. When they came over 
Mr. McKee went and met them a small distance from the 
fort. One of them (commonly called Chatterbox) displayed 
two large belts of wampum tied on a stick. They made the 
following speech to Mr. McKee: ''Brother: (Showing the 
belts, one of which he called the Friendship Belt, the other 
for clearing the path between them and us) " This is what 



98 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

we called the writing we had for you and we are sent by our 
chiefs (who will be here to-morrow) to acquaint you that they 
are coming to renew their friendship by their belts and to 
assure you that they are coming with a good intent and hope 
to be received as friends. This is all we have to say ; we 
propose to go and meet our chiefs this afternoon and will 
return to-morrow." Then asked for some thread and tobacco. 
During this time on Grant's Hill a number of Indians 
appeared, very uneasy, and came running down toward us ; five 
more appeared over the Ohio or Alleghany. Upon this the 
Ottawas went to their canoes, where they met those Indians 
that came from Grant's Hill ; they talked some time together ; 
During this our people fired several shots at those that came 
from the hill, which they returned. At 6 in the afternoon 
three of the Ottawas, with their colours, came to the same 
place and Mr. McKee went to them ; they informed him that 
their chiefs had come to the opposite side of the river and 
desired them to deliver the following speech : 

" Brother the Commanding Officer: — By this string of wam- 
pum we open your ears, wipe the tears from your eyes and 
remove everything that is bad from your heart, that you may 
hear and receive them in friendship to-morrow." Gave a string 
painted with blue clay. Mr. McKee gave them some bread 
and tobacco and they returned across the river. 

As soon as it was dark our sentinels began to fire at some 
Indians in the ditch, the whole garrison turned out and re- 
mained under arms until i o'clock, then went to their bar- 
racks and lay on their arms till daylight. 

July 4th, This morning the canoe we had lent the Indi- 
ans yesterday, was seen aground in the middle of the river 
on a bar. 

About II o'clock the Ottawas appeared on the opposite 
side of the river, ten in number, and requested to be brought 



J. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 99 

over, upon which Mr. McKee desired them to take the canoe 
which lay on the bar and cross in her, but they made 
many excuses saying they intended no harm. Upon their 
fair promises the commanding officer sent two soldiers in a 
canoe for them, and at their landing on the other side several 
halloos were heard on Grant's hill and the Ottawas began to 
sino-, five of them came down to the canoe, three of which 
seized the soldier at the head, the two others made toward 
the man in the stern who threw himself into the water, they 
followed and stabbed him with their knives in two places ; 
the other soldier they had got up to the bank, but on some 
shots being fired from small arms and a cannon with grape 
shot they all retreated into the woods and left their kettle 
with one set of their colours on the bank ; both soldiers got 
back without further damage though one of the wounds is 
thought dangerous. 

Three o'clock, the Indians returned and took their colours 
and kettle, then fired several shots at the fort. A cannon with 
grape shot was fired at them, the Indians on Grant's hill like- 
wise fired several shots, this continued till dark; several bul- 
lets came into the fort, but did no damage. 

July 5th, Eleven o'clock in the morning the Indians fired 
from both sides of each river and Grant's hill ; several crossed 
in a canoe up the Monongehela. Five o'clock in the afternoon 
they crossed back again. 

July 6th, Five o'clock this morning an Indian appeared on 
the point of Grant's hill and fired his piece at the fort, in the 
night the sentinels discovered a large fire up the Ohio. 

7th, Early in the morning one Indian was seen over the 
Monongehela and one by Rulings'. By their being so quiet 
we imagine they are gone down to meet our troops, attack 
Ligonier or fall on the country people. 

8th, Nothing extraordinary. 



L.f'J. 



100 P.OUOUET I'AI'EKS. 

9th and loth, None of the enemy appeared. The people 
grown careless and straggle about the fields in as much secur- 
ity as if no enemy ever had appeared about us. I doubt we 
shall pay dear for it. 

nth, All quiet. 12th, ditto. 13th, ditto, the first night I 
have stripped since the beginning of the alarm. 

14th, One of the militia fired on and wounded in three 
places by some Indians within two hundred yards of the fort 
as they were taking care of some cattle, we sent out a party 
and brought him in, but fear he will die, being shot through 
the arm, body and thigh and the bones broken. 

15th, i6th and 17th, Nothing more than a number of 
Indians appearing and the man wounded on the 14th dying. 

i8th, A party was sent out to cut the Spelts. An Indian 
killed near Grants' Hill and scalped by Mr. Calhoon one of 
Mr. Fleming's party who went out before day to scour the 
hill while our people were at work, getting in part of the spelts, 
a large body of the enemy appeared over the Monongehela, at 
the mouth of the Saw-mill Creek, they called from this side 
over each river, on which the covering and working parties 
came in. Soon after a large body of the enemy appeared about 
the upper end of the field where our people had been at work. 
Three of the Indians from the Monongehela came over, they 
are Delawares, they say they are for peace and will go to war 
against the Ottawas and Chipawas. Another Indian, one 
James Willson, came down from Grant's Hill without arms and 
walked close to the fort, being known and without arms pre- 
vented his being killed, he likewise says that the Beaver and 
chiefs of the Delawares are coming here, as well as three 
Indians who came from the other side of the river, they can 
tell nothing of Mr. Lowry and our people. They say that Mr. 
Gibson, Baird, Cammel and one Robinson, a hired man, was at 
Beaver Creek waiting for their canoe coming up the river; 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. lOI 

that the canoe was just by when the enemy began to fire on 
them, that Gibson and the rest jumped to their arms to go to 
their assistance, but they persuaded them not to, that they 
would be all killed, but they persisted. That they seized 
Gibson, Cammel and Robinson, but Mr. Baird who got to his 
arms fought bravely till he was killed. There is a letter from 
Gibson from Wills Town desiring we will pay some goods for 
getting him off, which I have proposed to do. 

loth, The commanding officer returned them thanks for 
their offer of joining us against the Ottawas and Chipawas 
and for the intelligence they gave us of a great number of 
the enemy being about us ; but told them until General Bouquet 
arrived he could hold no treaty with them. 

July 20th, The Indians, men, women and children, con- 
tinued passing over the Allegheny in canoes and on horse- 
back, near the fort, supposed to be going to fetch Indian corn, 
and I believe endeavouring to make us believe their numbers 
much greater than what they are. 

2 1 St, 9 o'clock in the morning, three Shawnese waded across 
the Ohio to the Point, just by the fort, and asked for some 
provisions for their chiefs, who were just come. The com- 
manding officer told them he had none, and that he would not 
speak any more with them till their chiefs came themselves. 
Three o'clock in the afternoon a Shawnese chief came to the 
Point and acquainted Mr. McKee that they were in council, 
not to think the time long, that when they had done they 
would come ; that they had got an account from Detroit six- 
teen day since, that the officer commanding there had settled 
matters with the Indians on promising that if they had had 
any injury done them they should be redressed ; that the 
Indians had all gone home. They said that, hearing we had 
given the Delawares a set of colours, induced them to come 
and make everything easy. They were forbidden to pass 



102 I50U0UET PAPERS. 

backwards and forwards near the fort with arms, and up and 
down the river. 

22d, Gray Eyes, Wingenum, Turtle's Heart and Mamaulter 
came over the river, told us their chiefs were in council, and 
that they waited for Custaluga, whom they expected that day. 
The Indians passed backwards and forwards, men, women and 
children, up the river in canoes. It appeared that they were 
carrying things down to the saw-mill in their canoes, and sev- 
eral horses passed with loads, in sight of the fort, which I 
took to be Indian corn from the deserted plantations and 
leather from Anthony Thompson's tan-yard, though many 
suspect it is plunder from the frontier inhabitants. They 
were told not to go backwards and forwards in their canoes 
or they would be fired on. 

July 23d, We heard nothing from the Indians to-day ; two 
of them appeared over the Ohio but said nothing. 

24th, Four Indians discovered at the upper end of the 
garden ; several tracks found about the River Ohio bank, 
where they had been last night. At dusk three Indians came 
on the opposite side of the Ohio and told us that Custaloga 
was come. They were throwing the water out of the canoes, 
that lay on the shore where they were, with the intention, as I 
suppose, of coming over when it is dark. While we were 
talking with them we heard three death halloos. Mr. McKee 
asked them who it was. They said they knew nothing of it 
(perhaps they were Ottawas), but said they would let us know 
in the morning. 

25th, Four Indians passing up the Monongehela, close by 
the opposite shore, contrary to orders, a six-pounder with 
grape was fired on them. They all made their escape (the 
shot fell all around them), leaving their canoe. Four of the 
militia set off in a canoe to a bar in the middle of the river, 
and then one swam and brought off their canoe. They left 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. IO3 

four rifles, with eight pair of new Indian shoes, all their powder- 
horns and pouches full of powder and ball, and two pairs of 
leggings for each, with five blankets — a sure sign they were 
going to war. We are partly sure these Indians want to 
lull us into security, that they may get the advantage of us — 
but they will be disappointed. We saw where they had been 
under the bank during the night, spying. In the evening two 
Indians came to the opposite shore of the Ohio and asked 
why we fired on their people. They were answered, they 
were in canoes passing by the fort with arms. They said they 
supposed it was on account of the death hallooes we heard 
the night before, and said it was some of the Ottawas or 
Wyandottes, who had been down the country. They said 
their hearts were good, but perhaps we were angry. They 
desired to know if we would hear their chiefs if they came. 
They were answered yes, but no one else. 

26th, The Indians came over — Shingess, Wingenum, Gray 
Eyes (sometimes called Sir William Johnson), with several 
other warriors, the Beaver not with them. They made a 
speech, desiring us to quit this place, and let us know that 
we, by taking possession of their country, were the cause of 
the war ; and let us know that the Ottawas and Chippewas 
were coming to attack us. While in council heard a death 
halloo at the saw-mill. 

27th, Fifty-seven Indians all on horseback were seen from 
the fort, going down the road and some on foot. Soon after 
some were seen returning, some appeared in Hulings field 
cutting some wheat with their knives and a scythe, we imag- 
ine they are hungry. 

A gun was fired according to agreement to call them over 
to get their answer, soon after they appeared on the other side ; 
as soon as they came over. Captain Ecuyer's answer to this 
speech was delivered them, letting them know that we took 



104 IJOUgUET PAPERS. 

this place from the French, that this was our home and we 
would defend it to the last, that we were able to defend it 
against all the Indians in the woods, that we had ammunition 
and provisions for three years (I wish we had for three 
months), that we paid no regard to the Ottawas and Chippawas, 
that we knew that if they were not already attacked, that they 
would be in a short time in their own country which would 
find enough for them to do. 

That they had pretended to be our friends, at the same time 
they murdered our traders in their towns and took their 
goods, that they stole our horses and cows from here, and 
killed some of our people, and every three or four days we 
hear the death halloo, which we know must be some of their 
people who have been down the country and murdered some 
of the country people. That if they intended to be friends 
with us to go home to their towns and sit down quietly till 
they heard from us or else to send some of their people down 
to Bedford to the General who had only power to treat with 
them of Peace, they say they will come to-morrow and let us 
know when they will go home. 

The Yellow Bird, a Shawnee chief, asked for the four rifle 
guns we had taken from the four Indians the 25th, they were 
answered, if it appeared that their nation had done us no 
harm, and that they continued to behave well, when we were 
convinced of it that then they should either have their guns 
or pay for them. He was very much enraged, and the whole 
changed countenance on the speech that was made them. 
White Eyes and Wingenum seemed to be very much irritated 
and would not shake hands with our people at parting. 

28th, In the morning the Indians were seen crossing the 
river by Shanopins' Town on horseback or swimming. Half 
an hour after, about 2 o'clock, they fired on our people in the 
garden, who I had desired not to stay as I was positive they 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. IO5 

were coming down, but they paid no regard to it, they got in 
with only one man wounded in the knee. Soon after they be- 
gan firing on the fort and continued it the whole day and 
night. Captain Ecuyer was wounded in the leg with an arrow, 
a Corporal and one of the men, mortally. 

29th, Continued firing on the fort, the whole day, from the 
Ohio bank, they kept up a very smart fire, this day and yes- 
terday a number of shells were thrown to disperse them, but 
they only shifted places, this day and yesterday about 1,500 
small arms fired on them from the fort. Wounded this day : 
Marcus Huling's leg broken, Sergeant Hermon shot through 
the lungs, a grenadier shot through the leg, fired three round 
shots from a six pounder, as they were passing the river in 
canoes ; obliged them once to throw themselves into the river, 
one of them said to be cut in two by one of the shot. These 
two days killed several of them from the fort, one of them 
wounded and drowned in the river, attempting" to swim over 
and five more seen carried out of the canoe on the farther 
side of the Ohio, supposed to be wounded. The roofs of the 
Governor's House and the Barracks much hurt by the enemy's 
fire. In the night they shot several arrows at the fort, some 
with fire, mostly fell short. 

30th, The enemy at night gathered under -the bank and we 
imagined they intended to make an attack, they fired at the 
fort random shots all day and night, the whole under arms all 
night. But few shot fired from us. 

31st, The enemy continued firing random shot. Two shells 
thrown at some reaping in Huling's field. In the evening 
they called to the fort and told us they had letters from Col- 
onel Bouquet and George Croghan and desired me to go for 
the letters and they would give them to me. Continued firing 
at the fort all night, threw some hand grenades into the ditch,, 
where we imagined some of the enemy were. 
8 



I06 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

August 1st, The enemy continued firing random shots from 
under the bank of the Ohio till about 3 o'clock, when they 
withdrew, and soon we saw large numbers crossing from this 
to the opposite side of the Ohio with their baggage, about 
6 o'clock they put up a paper fixed on a stick from under 
the bank. 

August 2d, All quiet till about 11 o'clock when two Indians 
and a white man came down on the opposite side of the Ohio 
and called over that they were expresses from Colonel Bouquet 
and G. Croghan at Bedford ; they were desired to come over, 
the white man made answer that he was a prisoner and would 
not come, the Indian came over in a small bark canoe and pro- 
duced his letters ; he was a Cuyuga Indian named John Hud- 
son, he says that the Indians took him and detained him three 
days, broke open the letters and made a white prisoner read 
them ; one letter they kept and suffered him to bring the other 
two to the fort. The white, on the other side was an express, 
taken between this and Fort Cumberland, they had all his 
letters but would not let the Indian bring them over after 
they had read the letters and heard the message he delivered 
them from Mr. Croghan, some set off home, and some few to 
war against the settlements, and some Wayandotts to recon- 
noitre our army. The Wayandotts, in a council had declared 
that they would carry on the war against us while there was 
a man of them living, and told the Delawares and Shawnees 
that they might do as they pleased. In the evening they set 
off with letters down the country. 

3d, On viewing the bank of the river where the enemy fired 
from, we saw blood in many places, the Indian who was killed 
was the son of John Butler, of Philadelphia, the huntsman, by 
an Indian woman. For the last six nights the whole have 
been under arms, the garrison having two reliefs. 

4th, Everything quiet. Some Indians lying yet on the oppo- 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. tO/ 

site side of the Ohio. This afternoon heard three death hal- 
loos on the opposite side of the river. 

5th, Three expresses came in from Colonel Bouquet, whom 
they left with the troops at Ligonier. These expresses re- 
port they heard at Small's plantation at Turtle Creek, about 
18 miles from here, a great deal of cheering, shooting and 
bells, and some Indians. We imagine they are gathering 
there to attack the Colonel, and 9 o'clock 2 expresses were 
dispatched to meet the Colonel.' 

6th, 7th and 8th, Nothing extraordinary, but the troops not 
arriving according to expectation, makes us fear they have 
been attacked on their march. 

9th, Everything quiet, no word of the troops. 

loth, At break of day, in the morning. Miller, who was sent 
by express, the 5th, with two others, came in from Colonel 
Bouquet, whom he left at the Nine Mile Run. He brings an ac- 
count that the Indians engaged our troops for two days, that 
our people beat them off. About 10 o'clock a detachment from 
the garrison, under the command of Captain Philips, marched 
to meet the troops and returned about 2 o'clock, having joined 
the Colonel at Bullet's Hill. The following is the best account 
I have been able to learn of the action, which happened the 
5th, about a mile beyond Bushy Run : 

Our advanced guard discovered the Indians where they were 
lying in ambush and fired on them about 3 o'clock in the after- 
noon ; this brought on a general engagement which continued 
through the next day and night. Our people behaved with the 
greatest bravery and also the Indians who often advanced 
within a few steps of our people. 

The action continued doubtful till the enemy by a stratagem 

was drawn into an ambuscade, where they were entirely 

routed, leaving a great many of their people dead on the spot. 

Our loss in this affair is about 50 killed and 60 wounded. 

It is thought by our people the enemy left as many. 



I08 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

nth of August, raised our bateaux that we had sunk. 

1 2th, Twenty-two bateaux were manned and rowed up both 
-rivers for some distance; during this we could see the enemy 
on a hill on the opposite side the river looking at us ; this was 
done to make the enemy believe we were going to attack their 
towns in order to clear our communication, as our horses, with 
most of the women and children, were going down with the 
escort. 

13th, Major Campbell with the escort marched for Ligonier. 

14th, 15th, i6th, 17th, i8th, 19th, 20th, and2ist, no enemy 
appeared. We have been employed in reaping and getting in 
all the grain, plowing for turnips and getting coal. 

22d, Major Campbell arrived with the convoy with provisions. 

23d and 24th, Nothing extraordinary. Mr. McKee with a 
number of the militia went up to Mr. Croghan's plantation. 
Found his with all the houses between here and there burnt. 

25th, An Indian called Andrews arrived here express from 
De Troit. Since he left De Troit he says he heard from the 
Indians that Major Rogers who went out from De Troit, to 
attack an Indian village, was attacked by the Indians and 
brought back, being shot himself through the thigh and 
saved by his men. By all the accounts from De Troit it ap- 
pears that Indians have been spirited up by the French to 
massacre all our troops in the Indian country. 

26th, 27th, Major Campbell left this with all the wagons 
and pack-horses and carried down all the women and children. 

28th, An Indian was seen over the river, 

29th, Andrews (the Indian) was sent express to Presqu' Isle 
to see if our troops were rebuilding that post. 

30th, 31st, Andrews returned; he went within a little of 
Venango and met four Wyandotts who came from Presqu' Isle ; 
they told him there was no white people there, but that 150 
Ottawas were lying there waiting for a party of our people, 



S. ECUVER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1/63. JO9 

expected from Niagara; that several small parties of Lake 
Indians came this way; that one of 15 in number crossed to 
this side of Ohio, at Mr. Croghan's place, the 30th. 

Sept. 5th, Indian Andrew went to hunt over the Ohio ; re- 
turned in the evening, met four Shawnese ; they informed him 
that the Delawares had all left their towns ; that they were 
sent to see if any more troops were on the road here ; they 
had been 18 miles down the road, were returning home again ; 
that they had tried to take a scalp from a party of ours cut- 
ting fascines, but were afraid. 

6th, Andrew went over the Ohio to hunt ; he returned to 
the opposite shore with Killbuck and his son, who wanted 
some person to go over and speak to them. Colonel Bouquet 
let them know that unless they came by order of their chiefs 
he would have nothing to say to them ; they went off. 

7th, In the morning Andrew came over. He saw two of his 
own nation ; they confirm the account of an engagement 
between the troops under Major Rogers and the Indians near 
De Troit, of his being shot through the thigh and losing 1 50 
men with several officers, and his retreat to the fort, being- 
pursued by the Indians. These Indians informed him that 
there were three parties of Delawares gone down in search 
of our expresses. They informed him that the schooner was 
returned from Niagara with provisions just before they came 
away, and that 800 Indians in 80 canoes were gone to cut off 
the communication between Niagara and the landing where 
the vessels load for De Troit. Some Indians seen to-day by 
the Bullock Guard. 

At dusk Andrew was sent to Ligonier to meet our express 
expected. 

8th, This morning some Indians seen over the Ohio. 

loth. Our Bullock Guard saw 5 Indians. In the evening 
Andrew returned, having met our express 9 miles on this side 



no HOUOUET PAPERS, 

Ligonier, brought the letters, the express returned ; he saw 
5 Indians a little way from the fort. 

13th, Andrew saw whereabout 30 Indians had encamped 
the night before at Chartier's Creek. 

15th, About II o'clock a few Indians fired on the Bullock 
Guard, without doing any damage ; on the Guards firing some 
shot at them they ran off. 

i6th, The officer of the Bullock's Guard sent to acquaint 
the Colonel that his sentinels had discovered ten Indians ; he 
was ordered to attack them if they appeared again ; they saw 
nothing of them till the evening ; when the guard was march- 
ing in, one showed himself. 

October 17th, I went with a detachment of 60 men over 
the Monongehela to get coal. Some Indians who were on the 
top of the hill ran off on our taking possession of it and left 
some corn behind them just pulled. 

19th, A Highlander was shot up the Monongehela ; he was 
a sentinel from the Bullock Guard ; there were but two or 
three Indians. They scalped him. 



[Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER OF CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Received 5th of February. Addressed.) 

Fort Pitt, January 8, 1763. 
Sir: — I send according to your orders the return to 
Colonel Amherst the same that a Court of Inquiry consid- 
ered in regard to the Conductor of Artillery accused of 
having taken powder from the magazine of the king. His 
officer does not wish to trust anything to him until we have a 
reply from his Excellency about it. The conductor is not liked, 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. Ill 

it appears. I pity him and do not think him guilty. I re- 
ceived the letter you did me the honor to write to me from 
Lancaster. I long for others and for news, for the months at 
Fort Pitt are eternal. Four prisoners of the Shawnese have 
arrived here — ^two boys and two girls ; we expect every day 
more with the chiefs. The families who brought these ap- 
peared well content with the presents of the province, which for 
the four amounted to t,o£. Parties of warriors of the Six 
Nations pass here frequently, going to war against the Indians, 
who are in the interest of the Spanish. Mr. Croghan asks con- 
stantly for powder, lead and knives for them ; that embarrasses 
me. Sometimes I refuse, at other times I give a little, and 
at other times I do not know on which foot to dance ; I fear 
to do too much. Mr. Croghan says we cannot refuse these 
trifles, which, nevertheless, would be 45 lbs. of powder, 90 lbs. 
of lead, knives, vermillion, &c. I informed him that I would 
not give them anything without having received your orders, 
which I will obey promptly. As to the fort and garrison, all 
goes on the same way. Our gentlemen send you their com- 
pliments, and I have the honor to call myself very respect- 
fully, Sir, your very humble and 

Very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[To Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — I forgot to tell you, Sir, that we have a club every 
Monday and a ball on Saturday evening, composed of the 
most beautiful ladies of the garrison. We regale them with 
punch, and if it is not strong enough the whiskey is at their 
service. You may believe that we are not altogether the 
dupes. 

Captain Philips sends you his compliments. I hope he 
will soon have a company. They tell me there are two 
vacancies in the 3d Battalion. I wish for it for him. 



112 liOL'yUKT I'AFEKS. 

[llritish Aluseuni. — Bouquet I'apers.] 

Fort I^itt, Jan. 26, 1763. 
S/r: — All is here very quiet ; it is not the same at Bedford. 
Captain Ourry wrote to me that his corporal and five men are 
in prison for having robbed the magazine. I have just sent 
him a detachment to relieve his rascals and a party to escort 
them here, where they will receive the punishment so justly 
merited. They have even stolen the stores ; it was thought 
to have been the settlers. I hope that will be discovered. 
An example will be very necessary ; four or five hung would 
have a good effect. 

Sergeant Clark tells me these returns should be sent to the 
General, but as I am not certain, I send them to you until a 
new order. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, your 
Very humble and obedient servant, 

S. Ecuyp:r. 
[Colonel Bouquet.] 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

Fort Pitt, Feb. 8, 1763. 
Sir: — The second express arrived here the fourth of the 
month; the package for Detroit left the 6th in the morning 
by an Indian, who chose to go alone to go faster. Mr. Crog- 
han vouches for his fidelity and diligence. I sent one by the 
same envoy to Venango, with orders to the officer to send 
the orders of his Excellency to Le Boeuf and Presqu' Isle. I 
have also written to the officer who commands at Sandusky. 
I desired Major Gladwin to give a receipt to bearer, who will 
be paid here on his return (he left here on horseback). As 
the regiment of \''irginia is disbanded, I have been obliiied to 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. II3 

send a Corporal and four men to Fort Cumberland to guard 
the magazines of the king. Those at Redstone desert every 
day. I wait your orders to know if it is your intention to 
maintain a garrison from the battalion at these two posts. I 
have been obliged to relieve all the detachments at Bedford. 
They are accused by Captain Ourry of having stolen the flour 
of the king. If that is clearly proven I will have them pun- 
ished with the greatest severity, they belong to my company. 
We have also trapped a robber of flour here, he received 500 
lashes, but has not told on his accomplices. We have also 
three deserters under guard, they are Wheeler, Higges and 
Marks, the last of whom has already been tried by a general 
court-martial. Childers has been condemned to receive 1000 
lashes. Mr. Hutchins will not depart until a new order is 
received. The last express having arrived too soon for him. 
I have offered the flour for sale, it is worth nothing at all, the 
cattle refuse to eat it. As regards the Matross-'^ of Detroit, he 
left here two days before the express arrived. 

The Indians have brought us eight prisoners, of whom four 
are women and four young boys ; they will leave here with the 
first horses that return. There, my dear Colonel, is all that 
I know that is at all interesting to send you. I do not neg- 
lect anything that I undertake. Permit, Sir, that I thank 
you for the news that you have had the kindness to communi- 
cate to me ; may I pray you to continue ? It seems to me that 
we will have a grand reform, and that I only hold by a thread. 
That is why I pray you if you learn anything on this subject, 
do not flatter me for my experience, but render me a real 
service, for then I will conduct myself accordingly. You will 
find here annexed the declaration of a Shawnee Indjan, who 
is very intelligent, and who has travelled a great deal among 
the French of the Mississippi. I forgot to tell you that Mr. 

"" Artillery soldier. 



1 14 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

Donnalan joined us the 2d of the month ; if he does not think 
of revenge he talks a great deal of it. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUYER. 

P. S. — Dare I pray you to send the enclosed for Mr. Gran- 
didier at Quebec ? 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

Fort Pitt, Feb. 21, 1763. 
Sh': — I take advantage of Mr. Davenport leaving for Phila- 
delphia, to inform you that I have received an Indian from 
Detroit with letters from Major Gladwin for his Excellency ; 
this express arrived here ten days after the departure of ours 
and as his excellency could still send orders for this post, 
I have thought it best to keep it here until the arrival of 
another courier, that will save the cost of an express. 

Captain Campbell. 

Mr. Croghan has received two expresses from the Dela- 
wares, which inform him that they will bring all their prison- 
ers in the spring. All is well here, no appearance of deluge. I 
wait for news from you with great impatience. All our 
gentlemen assure you of their very humble respect, and I 
particularly, having the honor to be very sincerely, 

Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

* LETTER TO COLONEL BOUQUET. 

(Endorsed.) 

Fort Pitt, March 11, 1763. 
Sir: — I send you the returns of the past month with an 



S, ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1763. II5 

account of the inundation of this post. The sixth of March 
the two rivers being somewhat swollen but with little ice, the 
6th, 7th and 8th great rain. The 7th in the morning, the 
berme or turf of the flank of the bastion of the south and a 
part of the stone edging had fallen into the fosse. The river 
continuing to swell, I had the provisions removed from the 
ground floor and the various ammunitions, worked all day 
closing the drains, preparing everything against inundation 
as I best could. At 10 o'clock in the evening the two rivers 
united and the water around the fort increased one foot an 
hour. On the 8th, at 2 o'clock p.m., the flats and boats have 
been drawn to the bridge. At 4 o'clock in the morning six 
inches of water in the fort and the Allegheny full of ice. Two 
hours after midday I detached two officers and thirty men to 
the upper town with fifteen days' provision for all the garrison. 
At midnight I brought all the boats and flats into the fort, 
prepared to save all and abandon the place the following 
day, but happily on the 9th, at 8 o'clock in the morning, the 
water was at its greatest height and at midday it fell two 
inches (the highest means twenty -two inches higher than last 
year). 

All the provisions and ammunition are saved and in good 
condition. I have followed your plan as best I could. Here 
is an account of our losses. 

The shop of the blacksmith entirely gone, the little wood 
gathered for the construction of the boats has followed several 
houses of the lower town. I believe our garden is lost by the 
fault of the sergeant, who did not inform me of the danger, 
this subject was entirely out of my head. All the fences of 
the garden carried off by the ice. The poor deer has had its 
leg broken. We are occupied in repairing the little devasta- 
tions in the interior of the fort. The greater part of the turf 
on the sides not covered has fallen into the fosse. I cannot 



Il6 noUQUET PAPERS. 

sufficiently recomniciul to you Burrent, or enough praise his 
conduct, and to say all in one word he is invaluable. I send 
you this letter by an express from post to post, with orders to 
be expeditious, and on this subject I will write to Captain 
Ourry. Tomson the tanner, and Shepherd the carpenter, are 
drowned, the first at Turtle Creek and the other at Two Mile 
Run. I should tell you that I have given a short account of 
the affair to Colonel Amherst when sending returns to him. 
I await for news from you with great impatience. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUVEK. 

[To Col. Bouquet.] 

P. S. — I have made two remarks on the manner in which 
this fort has been sodded. I do not know if you will find them 
judicious. The first is that it was neglected in placing the 
turf to plant in each four or five sticks of wood, dry and thin 
and about two feet long, this wood would support it until the 
turf would take root ; the second, they should mow the grass 
at least once a year ; this long grass holds more water, and in 
consequence, its weight draws out the turf. I leave this to 
be decided by those who know more about it than I do, for I 
am nothing less than Eng^ineer. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 
LETTER TO COLONEL BOUQUET. 

(Endorsed.) 
[Captain 1£cuver.] 

Fort Pitt, March 19, 1763. 

Si}' : — The Express which I had sent to Detroit has arrived, 
and immediatel)- I sent one from here with the package of 



S. ECUVER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 11/ 

Major Gladwin, for his excellency. I learn from Captain 
Campbell that one of our soldiers has been killed at Michili- 
makinackby accident. They send me by the same the account 
of the accident of Lieutenant Jamet, who has been obliged 
to abandon his post during the month of December. The 
house where his detachment lodged having caught fire, which, 
being joined to his, both were in flames before it was per- 
ceived, so that he had much difficulty in saving himself from 
the flames that burned his shirt and his body ; he has not 
marched with his party, which not having provisions has re- 
turned to Michilimakinack. 

I have been much mortified by this miserable return. It 
causes me an excessive vexation every time that I think of it ; 
although it was not my fault, the Adjutant telling me that 
the discharged people will not be returned. He is so positive 
and so obstinate that he^^elieves yet and even at this time 
that the return is just. 

I have ordered the coopers to work at the barrels. I hope 
to have managed to your satisfaction, for I do not think it 
would be possible to embark the provisions without casks, 
either to go up or down the river. Mr. Schlotter is following 
your orders in the returns for the month. 

I have without delay packed up the teeth and horns, but 
you did not tell me to whom to address them. I have had 
our trees replanted and enclosed the garden, simply to prevent 
the cows from finishing the destruction, as it appears that we 
will not enjoy them ; those that come after us will do as they 
fancy. Our people complain a great deal since this last order. 
They do not understand why they should work without pay, 
and what they do they do with an ill grace. I have had a 
great deal of trouble since the inundation to please everybody. 
I do not think I have succeeded. Everyone wants lodging 
above ; the lower town has suffered most. I wish that not 



Il8 I50UQUET PAPERS. 

one house had escaped, so as to force them to build elsewhere; 
the merchants have not lost anything-. I assisted them with 
all my power, although few or none deserved it. I warned 
them the day before and offered them the wagons of the 
king, but the miserable fellows always waited until the last 
extremity. Mr. Hutchins has departed, hoping to return at 
the time aj^pointed. 

With regard to my intentions, Sir, it is not my intention 
to sell at present ; but as I do not doubt that I will be placed 
on half-pay, I hope it will be as soon as possible. It appears 
it would be cruel and inhuman to send an officer so far and 
shut him up there. I declare that if that happens to me I 
will be entirely ruined, without the power to sell out ; my 
voyage from Quebec here cost me 50 guineas. I hope the 
first packet will bring good news for reform ; it is very hard, 
after having served well, to suffer for a troop of rebels, what- 
ever may be said of them by the way. You will find joined 
to this all the vouchers which it has been possible for us to 
collect. There is a list among them which will explain all 
and two which are not here. We are occupied to-day in the 
chapel and have at midday divine service ; afternoon for the 
Germans. The Rev. Mr. Post gives us a service in his 
manner. We had St. Patrick's fetes in every manner, so that 
Croghan could not write by this express. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUYEK. 

[To Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — A merchant coming from Sandusky has presented 
an account to me of i^ii : 12 : 6 pence curr. which poor Pauly 
will perhaps be obliged to pay ; this was for the little presents 
which he was obliged to give to the Indians — tobacco, 
paint, &c. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. IIQ 

[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 
LETTER OF CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Received the i6th of April, answered the 17th.) 

Fort Pitt, March 30, 1763. 
Sir: — We are very busy with our boats ; Burrent has taken 
all possible pains. I hope he will be well paid ; he deserves 
it, and he would be foolish to take this trouble for 18 cents 
a day. I continue to recommend him to you ; I wish that 
my situation and my circumstances would enable me to be 
useful to him ; I would do so with all my heart. 

Sir, I pray you to fix a price with Mr. Swain ; by the way, 
it is not just that he should take so much trouble for nothing. 
I have written to Captain Basset on the communication, 
and sent him a list of articles which are wanting here. I 
prayed him to send horses from Bedford and Ligonier ; we 
must, however, at least have four, as well as collars or draw- 
gears, for all those we have are rotten. The poor mare always 
limps. 

I have made known publicly that all those who are in debt 
to the king for flour must pay on the 15th of April, or in 
default of which I will sell their effects ; it is no use to speak 
mildly to this race. 

We expect the Shawnese with our captives, from day to day. 
I begin to get tired of Fort Pitt, and this winter has seemed 
very long to me. Return quickly, that will give us back 
life. We expect you with impatience, particularly he who 
has the honor to call himself, very respectfully. 

Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. Ecuyer. 



120 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

[British Museum. — Bouquet I'apers.] 

Fort Pitt, April 9, 1763. 

Sir: — It appears by the return of Mr. McKee that the 
Shawnese are no longer so well disposed as they were last 
autumn. The Delawares have sent a message for them not 
to give up their captives, that they were resolved not to give 
up any until they saw what turn things would take at this 
place. Notwithstanding all that, the Shawnese will be here 
in a few days with five prisoners, escorted b)' 100 beggars. 
We have determined to receive them very coldly ; our boats 
advance very slowly (we need nails, iron and four or five 
horses more), nevertheless every one is employed. I forgot 
in my last to tell you, Sir, that your snuff-box has been found, 
but with a square piece cut out. After the flood the servant 
of Mr. Poffs and mine were walking along the river near the 
kitchen of Mr. Bassett ; they found the pieces in the sand in 
such a way that I can not doubt a moment but that this theft 
was done by that rascally negro of Capt. Basset ; he has 
buried the pieces in the sand, near the kitchen, and forgot them 
after the fiood. There, Sir, is my opinion. I hope you will not 
shrug your shoulders at it. 

This instant I have finished an affair which was on the 
point of making trouble, here in a few words is the case. 

Lieut. Donnellan and Surgeon Boyd gave each other blows 
with their fists and sticks for three days, but upon other prepa- 
rations to fight again, I was forced to put them under arrest 
to prevent other disorders. The officers tried to reconcile 
them, on which they wrote to me that they would not quar- 
rel again. I will take care that the letter is signed by both. 

I made them come before all the officers of the garrison 
and give their word of honor that they would not again quar- 
rel, and set them free. Lieut. Francis was present during the 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 121 

whole affair. If you will question him, you will know all the 
minutiae ; he heard more than I did. 

I have the honor to be very respectfully. Sir, 

Your very humble and obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Col. Bouquet.] 



[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 
LETTER TO COLONEL BOUQUET. 

(Endorsed.) 

[Captain Ecuyer.] 

Fort Pitt, April 23, 1763. 

Sir: — I have sent your mare (nearly cured) to your farm 
by a confidential soldier, who should not mount her, she 
only carries oats to Bedford. I have written to Captain 
Ourry to provide enough to convey him to the farm. I gave 
him money for the journey. Before the arrival of your letter 
I had sent four horses to Ligonier, they have returned with 
a wagon loaded with iron, harness and tools. I have sent an 
order to Mr. Blane to send to me all the king's horses, 
having great need of them here, for the boats and for 
the gardens. But he replied that he has not any, and that 
the horses which he has belong to himself, and that he had 
arranged with you on this subject when you came down. I 
believe that living so long at this post has made him believe 
at last that the place belongs to him. 

1 do not know, sir, if I have told you that we have found 
one of our bellows, and the second is some place at the 
bottom of the river, found by a trader from whom I wait to 
have an explanation, before I send to find it. I have three 
forges and six blacksmiths working at a great rate, eight 
hand saws and the mill, which is repaired and works. I think 
9 



122 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

that when you return here I will have all my wood sawed, all 
the stakes are made, 300. It must be confessed that Captain 
Bassett is a lazy man. I am told he has horses on the road ; 
he has not deigned to write the least word, it seems to me he 
should have let me know what he sends if only to tran- 
quillize me. 

I spare neither care nor trouble to push on the work, it is 
my duty as much for the good of the service (which you 
have much at heart) as to prove to you, sir, my entire 
devotion, desiring nothing more than the power to be useful 
in something. 

As with regard to Burent, Captain Basset can not suf- 
ficiently pay him for his diligence ; he is absolutely a slave 
and does more than all the rest together. I do not know 
whether I do wrong, for without your orders I employ four 
coopers. We need casks. As well &« for up as down the river 
we must have them. I have published that all who are in 
debt for flour or beef to the king must replace them the 15th 
of April ; but hardly any one has come. I will then be 
obliged to take stronger measures, considering that all who 
are here (excepting the garrison) are the dregs of nature. I 
have had a thousand difficulties before I succeeded in col- 
lecting a part of the tools belonging to the king. I know that 
the old Clapham has his house full of them, but I leave that 
case to Captain Basset. The old man should furnish us by 
contract, sixteen beeves, he has only delivered thirteen, say- 
ing he lost the other three, that is why I put it at nearly the 
total. 

You will find, sir, joined to this the declaration of Mr. 
McKee, on his journey to the Shawnees, as well as the 
council which we have held here ; I can not absolutely refuse 
to give them powder, lead, vermillion, swivel guns, knives and 
tobacco. I think we are cheaply rid of them. They told us 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 23 

that the Illinois and other Indians lower than them will 
oppose our passage, at the instigation of the French ; their 
story seems very probable. Several soldiers demand their 
discharge, as many here as in the detached posts. Where is 
your camp bed ? I am told that the one in your chamber 
belongs to Captain Barnsley, and his valet asks for it every 

day. 

The Indians depart at last to-morrow, very much dis- 
satisfied, although I have done for them more than I should 
perhaps ; but one cannot free one's self from Mr. Croghan. 
He gave up to them because they would have eaten all our 
provisions ; think, that during one month Mr. Croghan has 
drawn 17,000 pounds, as much flour as beef ; that makes one 
tremble. I use the skins which the Indians have given, to 
dress the five prisoners and the rest of the product they will 
take home. I take this trouble myself, because where there 
is nothing no one will take care of it— nothing without 
money and everything for money. 

Have the goodness, sir, to have sent to us for the officers 
good flour, the fine which we have will be finished in a short 
time. 

[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 
LETTER OF CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 

{Received the 19th. On the back : " M. Repeat that no soldiers but such 
as act as . . . are to be paid, and those at 15s. Tell it to Baillie.")* 

Fort Pitt, May 4, 1763. 
Sir:— I hope that my letter of the 24th April with the 
returns has reached you. I have just received a package from 

* Nearly illegible. 



124 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

Detroit which I seiul immediately, with a speech of the Mi- 
amis to Mr. Holmes. Mr. Croghan is at Bedford, and pro- 
poses to go to Carlisle. It will be well that he should not 
delay, for those rascally Delawares are coming ; they are all 
assembled in one of their towns for a grand council, to know 
whether they will deliver our men or not. Major Gladwin 
writes to me that I am surrounded with scamps. He com- 
plains a great deal of the Delawares and of the Shawnees ; 
these are the rascals that try to put the others in action. Our 
boats go well ; I have seven of them in the water. I have 
been obliged to send to Bedford for pitch or tar. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 

Fort Pitt, May 29, 1763. 
Sir: — A large party of Mingoes arrived here at the begin- 
ning; of the month and have delivered to us ten miserable 
horses. They demanded presents from me, but I have re- 
fused all their demands excepting eight bushels of Indian 
corn, which they have planted opposite Croghan's house, 
where they have formed a town. Before yesterday evening 
Mr. McKee reported to me that the Mingoes and Delawares 
were in motion, and that they had sold in haste ^300 worth of 
skins, with which they have bought as much powder and lead 
as they could. Yesterday I sent him to their villages to get 
information, but he found them all abandoned. He followed 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 25 

their traces, and he is certain that they have descended the 
river ; that makes me think that they wish to intercept our boats 
and prevent our passage. They have stolen three horses and 
a cask of rum at Bushy Run ; they at the same time stole ;!^5o 
from one called Coleman (on the road to Bedford) with the 
gun at his breast. They say the famous Wolf and Butler 
were the chiefs, and it is clear that they wish to break with 
us. I pity the poor people on the communication. I am at 
work to put the fort in the best possible condition with the 
few people we have. Mr. Hutchins arrived here yesterday 
with six recruits. We have twenty boats in the water ; I 
would like to know the number you wish, and what the car- 
penters must do. As I was finishing my letter three men 
arrived from Clapham's with the bad news that yesterday at 
3 o'clock P.M., the Indians had killed Clapham, and all that 
were in the house were robbed and massacred. These three 
men were at work and escaped through the woods. I sent 
them immediately with arms to warn our men at Bushy Run. 
The Indians told Byerly to quit the place or they would all be 
killed in four days. I tremble for our small posts. As for 
this one, I will answer for it. 

If any person should come here, they must take an escort, 
for the affair is serious. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

If you do not receive letters often from me it will be a proof 
that communication is cut off. 



126 liOL'OUET PAPERS. 

[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

( Kndorsed.) 

[Received June 5th. Colonel Bouquet.] 

Fort Pitt, May 3, 1763, 9 o'clock i'.m. 

Sn.- — Yesterday evening the Indians massacred the two 
men we had at the saw-mill, they scalped them and have left 
a head breaker or Tomahawk, which signifies I believ^e a 
declaration of war, they at the same time stole four horses of 
the king, which were working there. One Daniel Collier, 
horsedriver, who has just arrived, has made the declaration as 
follows, that being at Tuscarawa with forty-four ladened 
horses. King Beaver had warned Thomas Colhoun to depart 
immediately with all the whites that he could take and that 
he would give them three Indians to escort them, but being 
at Beaver Creek they were attacked, and only he himself has 
arrived here, with much difficulty. He believed all the party 
were killed, having heard seven or eight death cries. He said 
that the Indians that carried the belt to the Delawares have 
said that Sandusky was cut off and the officer made prisoner 
and that when the Indian express had departed from Detroit 
the party was attacked by them. 

I fear the affair is general. I tremble for our posts. I fear 
according to the reports that I am surrounded by Indians. I 
neglect nothing to receive them well, and I expect to be at- 
tacked to-morrow morning. God wills it, I am passably ready. 
Every one works, and I do not sleep ; but I fear that my ex- 
press will be stopped. 

I have formed two companies of militia, which amount to 
80 or 90 men. I have had the oxen and cows brought near for 
service. In one word I have neglected nothing and have 
spared neither care nor trouble. 



S. ECUVER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 12/ 

I hope to be capable to do more for the service of the king, 
whom I have the honor to serve. Whatever happens I will 
do all that is in my power. Excuse haste as they say. 
I have the honor to be very sincerely, Sir, 
Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUYER. 
P. S. — You will have the goodness to translate my letters for 
the General as you like. Joined to this is a discourse which 
we sent to the Indians after their first murders ; no reply, it 
is too soon. 

[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Received the loth, and the Duplicates sent to the General.) 
(First Letter.) 

Fort Pitt, June 2, 1763, 9 o'clock p.m. 

Sir: — Here is the third express I have sent to Philadelphia, 
the first the 30th of May, the second on the 31st, 

This will inform you of the arrival of Mr. Calhoun at this 
post with a harangue from the Delawares. I am going to 
continue my last letter. On the 31st I sent two inhabi- 
tants to Venango, but they could not pass ; at one mile and a 
half they were attacked and obliged to return ; one of the two 
slightly wounded on the leg. Two young men arrived yesterday 
from Fort Burd and returned with orders to the Sergeant to 
engage all the inhabitants to join me here with 100 lbs. of 
powder and 1,000 lbs. of lead, which a merchant sent there a 
few days since ; they should come either by water or by the 
woods. I hope to reap some advantage from the Indian's 
peltry. He told me that he will come with a party as soon as 
he has sent his wife and his cattle to Fort Cumberland. The 
two men from Bushy Run have retreated to Ligonier. Last 
night three inhabitants also departed for Venango. I do not 



128 r.OUQUET PAPERS. 

know whether they can pass. To return to that which con- 
cerns this place. 

My garrison consists in all of 250 men, as many regulars as 
militia, all very determined to conquer or die; our men are 
high-spirited and I am glad to see their good will and with 
what celerity they work. I have little flour, the inhabitants 
receive half rations of bread and a little more meat, to the 
poorer women and children a little Indian corn and some 
meat. I manage as well as I can. I have collected all the 
animals of the inhabitants and placed them under our eye. We 
kill to spare our provisions, for the last resource and in order 
that the savages shall not profit by our animals. They are 
around us at the distance of a mile ; they have not yet dared 
to appear, perhaps they are too feeble ; it is not my business 
to go to find them. I have distributed tomahawks to the in- 
habitants ; I have also gathered up all their beaver traps which 
are arranged along the rampart that is not finished. The 
merchant Trent is an excellent man, he has been of great help 
to me. He is always ready to assist me, he has a great deal of 
intelligence and is very worthy of recommendation. I will 
say no more in his praise. Burent is always the same, inde- 
fatigable. I pray you to leave nothing undone to induce his 
Excellency to procure a commission for him ; I do not know 
any man that merits it more. 

Here is an abridgement of our work ; I have demolished 
the lower town and brought the wood into the fort. I have 
burnt the high town; every person is in the fort, where I have 
constructed two ovens and a forge. I have surrounded our 
bastion with barrels full of earth, made good even places and 
embrasures for our cannon. I have a good entrenchment on 
the mined bastion and on the two curtains at the right and 
left. All around the rampart my people are covered by strong 
planks joined with stakes and an opening between two for fir- 
ing the guns, without being exposed in any manner. If there 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 29 

were any open places I would place across them bales of skms 
of deer which belong to the merchants. I have in the same 
way made galleries at the gorge (breast) of the bastion which 
corresponds with that of the barracks. 

I have placed all the powder of the merchants in the king's 
magazine. I have also prepared every thing in case of fire. 
My bastions are furnished with casks full of water, as well as 
the interior of the fort. The women are appointed for this 
service. One must take service from all in this life. 

The rascals burned the houses in the neighborhood. They 
have shot balls at the saw-mill. If I had foreseen it I could have 
saved all. Burent, my right arm, does not let me forget any- 
thing. A king would be happy to have 100,000 such subjects. 
I have made Trent Major-Commandant of the militia, but 
as that does not agree with my fancy, I have incorporated the 
militia in our companies, having given the best to the grena- 
diers. Being mixed with our men we can draw from them 
better parties. Three companies serve twenty-four hours. At 
two hours after midnight all the garrison is at its post or place 
of alarm, so that I believe we are guarded from all surprises. I 
have been obliged to make some outlay, but I hope his Excel- 
lency will find them just, reasonable and necessary. My pocket 
is empty, nothing remains there but ten shillings. I would 
like very much to have a little more rum to give from' time to 
time a drop to my brave men, they know my will and say 
nothing. I will be well recompensed if you approve of the 
measures which I have taken. I have done all for the best. If 
I have erred it is from ignorance. I would wish to be a good 
endneer to be able to do better, in short I have neglected 
no care, no trouble, be persuaded of that. 

I am very respectfully. Sir, 
Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Col. Bouquet.] 



130 BOUyUET PAPERS. 

P. S. — The three men who left here yesterday for Venango 
have been obliged to retrace the road nearly twenty miles 
this way, where they discovered two parties of Indians coming 
from this side. I tremble lest the posts should be cut off. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet I'apers.] 

LETTER EROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed. Received the 23d.) 

P"oRT Pitt, June 16, 1763. 

Sir : — I do not know whether this will reach you the same 
as my three preceding ones. According to all reports, it 
appears to me that the Indians march to the neighborhood 
of our colonies. I believe that there are but few around us ; 
however, there are enough to interrupt our communication. 

A man has arrived here who has assured me that Eort 
Burd is abandoned ; I suppose they have retreated to Fort 
Cumberland. The Indians have burned Croghan's house 
and that of Thomson ; they wish to decoy me and make me 
send out detachments, but they do not give me the chance. I 
am determined to guard my post, spare my men and not 
expose them uselessly. I believe that is what you expect of 
me. We are so confined in the fort that I fear sickness, for 
notwithstanding all my care I cannot keep the place as clean 
as I wish, thus the smallpox is among us on this account. I 
have had constructed a hospital under the bridge above the 
reach of rising waters. The three expresses (of which I 
made mention in my last) for Venango were obliged to return 
the next day. In the meantime, on the morning of the 
7th, a boat arrived with a soldier and a trader and a letter 
from Mr. Christie. He informed me that Lieutenant Cuylor 
of the Queen's Rangers going from Niagara to Detroit was 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I3I 

attacked at the entrance of that river on the 28th of May,* at 
II o'clock in the evening His detachment was of 97 men, 
some R. A. some rangers. He had 139 barrels of provisions. 
He was himself wounded, two sergeants killed ; Cope was one 
of them and 16 of our regiment. Ferlinger and 44 rangers, 
a woman and some others wounded. He only saved two 
boats with which they retreated to Sandusky, but he found 
no one there and all was burned. From there he went to 
Presqu' Isle with the rest of the people. He there left six 
men, and departed for Niagara. 

My fort is formidable at present, 16 pieces mounted on 
good platforms. I have a sufficiently good retrenchment 
joined to a f raise, which is not set out over all, so it is not 
altogether as regular as it should be. But without engineers 
and being much hurried this should pass, and I think is good 
enough against this rabble, so that I begin to breathe. We 
have worked during eleven days in an incredible manner, our 
men are much fatigued, but I do not complain. In the future 
they will have rest. I have divided my little garrison into 
two divisions, each one with three officers, five sergeants, 
one drum, and from 68 to 70 men. We are all doubly armed, 
so that I have 500 shots to give them as they are in the moat 
(fosse). These are the measures which I have taken, during 
our work. I had 100 men on the rampart all night, and at 
2 o'clock in the morning the rest of the garrison were under 
arms until 5 o'clock, when they went to work. I have col- 
lected all the beaver traps which could be found with our 
merchants and they were placed in the evening outside the 
palisades. I would be pleased to send you one with the leg 
of a savage, but they have not given me this satisfaction. I 
have had made a quantity of crow-feet traps for the fosse, 
they are pointed enough for their moccasins. 

No one has offered to help me but Mr. Trent, to whom I am 



132 JJOUOUET PAPERS. 

miich obliged, as well as to Mr. Hutchins, who has taken no rest. 
He oversaw the works and did his duty, at the same time, that 
is praiseworthy and he merits recompense. I wish Detroit 
could be sustained, but provisions and ammunition are scarce 
there. I hope to see you soon at the head of some regiments, 
for if they are sent as formerly, in small parties, one after 
the other, they would be cut off. This slovenly kind of war 
costs us an infinite number of men, that is the reason they 
should be driven back by one stroke and exterminated. I 
sent two men to Venango, but I have no news of them or from 
any other place. 

On the 15th a party went out to cut grass. A militiaman 
was killed on the top of the mountain, where he had nothing 
to do. If he had followed my orders this would not have hap- 
pened to him. The same night the savages crossed the gar- 
den, fired on the fort and on our oxen and cows which are in 
the park meadow where the deer were. Your letters also 
arrived on the night of the 15th and i6th by a good express 
from Bedford, who killed an Indian on the road. Mr. Blane 
was attacked on the second of June without results. We 
have often little alarms, but we laugh at them. I am assured 
that they are in very small numbers about us. I have only 
seen ten at a time, who showed themselves at the house of 
Hulings, perhaps to make us go out. I do not fear them. I 
wish they would desire to give me an assault, were they 5,000, 
for the more there were the more we would kill. No one more 
alert could be seen than our people. At the least sign every- 
one is at his post of alarm. I never knew the number of boats 
you wished for until now the carpenters told me. Mr. Basset 
had ordered thirty from them. I have 19 in the water and three 
nearly finished, but I have been obliged to discontinue from 
the moment the savages appeared so near to us. I can not 
send them actually until an escort is offered. I employ them 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I33 

in the fort and they have been a great help in my work. 
Captain Ourry sends me word that a party of nearly thirty 
men from his garrison will be here soon. As soon as I see 
them I will have a party ready to sustain them. If I knew the 
day and if I could give them a position I would be certain to 
catch ten or twelve. 

I have the honor to be very respectfully, Sir, 
Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — Grandidier remarked to me that Meyer is detested in 
the 2d Battalion ; I do not doubt it. The rascally Shawnees 
have come from the other side of the Ohio ; they asked to 
speak to Mr. McKee. You will see, Sir, what they have 
said. They had a Frenchman with them, and fierce looks ; 
they have not wished to come to this side ; they have made 
demands as usual, but there was nothing for them but balls at 
their service. They said they had many Indians around us, 
but I believe nothing of it. S. E. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER OF CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Private. Received the 29th at Carlisle.) 

Fort Pitt, June i8, 1763. 
Sir: — I received your letter May 3d, and one of June 9th 
yesterday at midnight. The carpenters being discharged, I 
will certify the accounts of our artisan soldiers and nothing- 
more. Captain Basset wrote to Mr. Baillie to put him on the 
book for one shilling a day. I will never certify to such an 



134 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

article ; he has done nothing, only Burent. Mr. Basset is- 
angry at me ; as it appears in his letter, he has very bad 
manners. 1 have done his duty here, and I am actually still 
doing it. Mr. Hudson deserves to be paid more than others ; 
moreover, Burent has used more shoes, &c., which these 
2£ 6s. cannot pay for. I do not know why any one would 
put money into the hands of people who do not do what they 
should do. I will say no more about it until I have the honor 
to see you. 

I am respectfully, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUVER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — Burent has just given me the warrant which he 
received from Mr. Basset ; he does not want pay for what he 
has done. I have done what I could to appease him, but use- 
lessly. Really I can not blame him ; he is not paid for the 
tenth of his services. He has been a slave, and one who has 
done nothing has all the profit. I will never certify to an unjust 
thing if it is within my knowledge, for that would be wronging 
the king. Moreover, here is a paragraph of an order from the 
General-in-Chief, which I have received from you : " Where 
any work is carried on by artisans or laborers, the accounts 
of the several workmen must be kept by the commanding 
officer and the person who directs the work, from which 
accounts only the men will receive their wages." Thus, you 
will see, Sir, if it is just that Mr. Baillie, who keeps no ac- 
count, can adjust them, and I pass and sign. S. E. 

I have sent to Venango 25 barrels of flour and beef ; I 
would have sent it at any rate without the alarm. Lieutenant 
Gordon must have sent a great deal to Le Boeuf. In his last 
letter he remarks to me that he has only provision for six 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I35 

weeks. He has been very imprudent in sending two ex- 
presses by land, which have not arrived here, and one by boat 
without necessity ; this is how they strip a post unreasonably. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully and without reserve, 
Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — Mr. Croghan departs on the 25th for Bedford and 
Carlisle. The Dulcinia has given the itch to poor Baillie and 
others. 



[British Museum. ^ — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Received the 29th at Carlisle.) 

Fort Pitt, June 18, 1763. 
Sir: — In my last, dated the i6th, I sent you a short dis- 
course between four Shawnees and Mr. McKee. The next 
morning they recalled him and addressed to him the discourse 
here added. Mr. McKee gives great credit to it. As to me^ 
I do not believe such vagabonds. I have seen but few Indians 
around us until this time. However it may be, they will come 
when they wish. The post is in a good state, and I cannot 
imagine that they will dare attempt an assault. I wish they 
would do it ; they would remember it for more than four days. 
I have no news from any post but from Bedford and Ligo- 
nier. All is well. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 



136 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

[British Museum. — liouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Received at Carlisle, July 3d.) 

Fort Pitt, June 26, 1763, at 11 o'clock p.m. 
Sir: — Since my last, dated the i8th, nothing extraordinary 
has happened, excepting some slight alarms from time to 
time, until the afternoon of the 22d, when the savages showed 
themselves and descended into the plain, driving into the 
woods a part of our horses, and killing some cattle, after 
which they attacked the fort from all sides excepting from 
the other side of the Monongehela, but at a great distance. 
I had, however, a militia killed and another wounded. I dis- 
persed them a little later with a howitzer and two cannon 
shots, which assuredly were not without effect. We fired but 
three guns against these Indians, of whom one was killed. 
They came to take a horse opposite here, where Fleming's 
house was. On the night of the 23d and 24th they prowled 
around the fort to reconnoitre, and after midnight the Dela- 
wares asked to speak to Mr. McKee. You will find annexed 
our different conversations. The returns of the month : the 
three deaths are three of my men killed. I have besides that 
a regular wounded, two militia killed and two wounded. The 
garrison consists of 330 men all counted, 104 women, 106 
children. Total 540 mouths, of which nearly 420 receive the 
provisions of the king. Mr, Price arrived this morning with 
seven men of his garrison, and as he has the honor to write 
to you, I will say no more about him, having had little time 
to talk to him since his arrival. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully. Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcuYER. 
[Colonel Bouquet.] 



S, ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 137 

The 26th, five hours after noon. 
Declaration of Benjamin Gray, soldier of the company of 
Cochran. He had left Presqu' Isle the 22d : Monday, the 
19th, in the morning, 250 Indians attacked the place ; they 
fought all the day and the next day. The day after Mr. 
Christie capitulated they should have given him an escort to 
here with provision for six days, but after having pillaged, 
they massacred our people. He and two others fled to the 
woods. He assures us that the Indians were of four nations 
— Ottawas, Chipawas, Wyandotts and Senaccas. He had 
himself seen the schooner going to Detroit, but he does not 
know if it was loaded with provisions. He passed by Le 
Boeuf and Venango, which were destroyed. 

S. EcUYER. 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 
(Received the 6th of November, 1763.) 

Fort Pitt, August 2, 1763. 

Si}\- — I have at this moment received John Hudson with one 
of your letters only. I hastened him off instantly. He was 
three days among our enemies. He will tell you more of it 
than I can. I have not received letters in reply to mine of 
the date June 26th. I have had ten days of council with the 
Indians ; you will see their demands and my reply which. 
Mr. McKee sent to Mr. Croghan. 

On the 28th, of the afternoon, they came to attack us very 
briskly, and very soon all the bank of the lower town was 
surrounded. The garden of Mr. Rosgruge, behind our brick 
barrier, just to where the house of Captain Basset was, there 



138 I50UQUET PAI'ERS. 

was a mob. They were well co\-ered and ourselves the 
same. 

They did us no harm, — no one killed. Seven wounded — 
myself lightly. Their attack lasted 5 days and 5 nights. 
We are certain of having killed and wounded 20 of their men, 
without counting those which we have not seen. I did not 
permit any one to fire until they saw the object, and as soon 
as they showed their noses they were picked off like flies, for 
I had good marksmen. They recrossed the Ohio on the 
arrival of your express, and after having read your letters. 
I will tell you more about it when I have the honor to see 
you. I have at present four legs of beef and no flour. Bring 
a great deal of it or the jaws will rest immovable. Nothmg 
to wash our throats. No Indian herb for the morning, and 
none of that kind of cabbage to mix with it; however, an 
old soldier can dispense with all that as well as with other 
things, and in the meanwhile I have the honor to be very 
perfectly. Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUYER. 

[To Colonel Bouquet.] 



[British Museum. — Additional Manuscript, 21,649.] 

LETTER TO S. ECUYER. 

(The Bouquet Papers, Volume VII., page 153.) 

(Endorsed.) 

(Captain Ecuyer, November 8, 1763. Received the 13th. Addressed, 
on His Majesty's Service, to Henry Bouquet, Esq., Colonel of the First 
Batt, R. A. R., etc., at Fort Pitt.) 

Bedford, November 8, 1763. 

Sir: — We arrived here the 4th of the month and departed 

the 9th. I do not know when we will arrive at Ligonier, for 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 139 

the roads are terrible for the chariots. Our escort is very 
weak. We have only six militia, and our detachment 
diminishes every day. We have two invalids and eight 
deserters, viz. : Armstrong, Childers, Cope, Arneld, Negely, 
Townhawer, Grenadiers Darks and Fill. I suppose several 
will depart this night. I have done all that it was in my 
power to retain them, but all useless. They are rascals and 
mutineers of the first order, above all the Grenadiers. I 
suppose that Cotton and the scamp de Mains will go also ; 
that will only be a benefit, for these two wags are capable of 
corrupting a whole regiment. I never had a detachment so 
disagreeable in my life, occasioned by their bad conduct. 

I have written to Messrs. Belneves and Dow to have them 
put in prison if they show themselves in the province. I 
made a distribution of clothes to-day. The eight scamps left 
with their old people. The soldiers which are here and at 
Ligonier in garrison complain bitterly that they are not 
provided for, and I have no money to give them. We prepare 
to suffer rain, snow and cold without counting fatigue before 
we will have the pleasure of seeing you. 

Waiting for that desired time, I have the honor to be very 
respectfully, sir. 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. EcUYER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

[British Museum.— Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(On the back: Nov. 14th, 1763, 11 o'clock forenoon, met 
an express from Captain Stewart at Bedford, the contents of 
which obliges me to proceed with the utmost expedition to 

Bedford.) , ^ -tr . 

Chas. Forbes. 



140 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

(A mile nearer Ligonier than the crossings of the road. 
Endorsed Captain Ecuyer, Nov. 13th, 1763. Answered the 
i6th, addressed, on His Majesty's Service, To Henry Bou- 
quet, Esq., Commanding his Majesty's Forces to the West- 
wards, etc., at Fort Pitt. ) 

Bedford, Nov. 13, 1763. 

Sir: — I hope you have received the express which Captain 
Stewart sent you with a letter dated from camp four miles 
from Bedford, November nth. 

We marched on that day to the foot of the Allegheny and 
when our carrier guard joined us they reported to us, that four 
different parties of Indians had been discovered; they killed 
for us one driver and one horse, and in the neighborhood of 
Bedford two of the inhabitants were cruelly massacred and a 
third carried off. 

Captain Ourry came this morning to the camp to see us, 
but we had left, and he came near being among the victims, 
for the driver was killed very near to him. Their intention was 
to take him prisoner, but not being able to do that, they mor- 
tally wounded him. Our rear guard ran up and they took to 
the woods. 

After all this intelligence Captain Stewart sent an officer 
with a party to reconnoitre the top of the mountain and 
escort two expresses to carry letters to you, but being near to 
the breastworks, they discovered and saw six savages coming 
to reconnoitre our camp ; they were followed as they believe 
by several others. Warned by the noise of the stones and other 
things they retreated and arrived at the camp at midnight; 
we were all under arms. After all these discoveries Captain 
Stewart called together all the officers and demanded their 
opinion which was unanimous, to return to Bedford, to save 
the convoy and wait for a sufficient escort, for eighty men in 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. I4I 

all was not a sufficient escort for twenty-three wagons, 300 
horses, 160 cattle. I think they wished to attack us before 
we should arrive at Ligonier, perhaps hoping to be more for- 
tunate than between Ligonier and Fort Pitt. It is desolation 
on our frontiers. It is said here for certain, that the province 
of Pennsylvania is going to raise three battalions and some 
rangers. 

The Cherokees have refused the presents and have declared 
that so long as there is one man living they will not treat 
with us. It is said also, that the Senaccas have been so badly 
received when they have demanded to renew the chain of 
friendship, that they have all taken the hatchet and it was 
they who made the attacks (coup) at the portage of Niagara. 
What will the five other nations do ? We have several men 
in my detachment incapable of marching. I have also the 
great scamps, Maines and Coyle, prisoners for desertion. 
Here are the names of those who have deserted since my let- 
ter of the 8th, Hurst, Miller, Colton, Green, Hook, Ward, 
Smith, Grend. Burgess, Higgs and Anderson, Grenadiers, 
total eighteen and two prisoners, besides those who de- 
parted before we marched here. I have served more than 
twenty-two years, but I have never seen the like, a troop of 
mutineers, of bandits, of cut-throats, above all the Grenadiers. 
I have been obliged after all imaginable patience to have 
flogged two on the field and without court-martial. One 
wished to kill the Sergeant and the other wanted to kill me. 
I was on the point of blowing out his brains, but the fear of 
killing or wounding some one of those who were around us 
prevented me. What a disagreeable thing. In the name of 
God let me retire to my country seat. It is in your power. Sir, 
to let me go, and I will be eternally grateful. Do not refuse 
me this favor I pray you, otherwise I will not get better and 
I do not know if I will be in a state to mount with the convoy. 



142 nOUQUET PAPERS. 

Waiting for news of you, I pray you to believe me, v^ery re- 
spectfully, Sir, 

Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUVER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 



[British Museum. — Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER FROM CAPTAIN ECUYER. 

(Endorsed.) 

(Received the 29th. Addressed — On His Majesty's Service, to Henry- 
Bouquet, Esq., Colonel Commanding His Majesty's 
Forces to the Westward, etc., at Fort Pitt.) 

Bedford, November 20, 1763. 

Sir: — I have received your two letters by Captain Forbes, 
dated the 13th and i6th of the month. We have not had any 
desertions since my last letter. I am distressed to be obliged 
to remain here, my health does not permit me to undertake 
the journey to Fort Pitt. Doctor Boyd will tell you the same, 
that I am not capable of bearing the fatigue. I have a great 
cold in my head and fever every night, sick stomach and head- 
ache, accompanied by an abscess in the place where I was 
wounded at Quebec, which causes me inexpressible suffering. 
However, I hope that this complication of ills will have no 
evil result and as you cannot give me a furlough, I will join 
the battalion as soon as possible ; in the meanwhile I will 
remain here ready to receive your orders, 

I have desired Mr. Hutchins to arrange all my accounts 
and pay the balance to my men and that he will have the 
goodness to send me some linen, for I am naked as the hand, 
having only brought with me four woven shirts. I congratu- 
late you on the journey of Sir Jeffry, he is much regretted by 
all the army. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I43 

General Gage will command, it is said, until the arrival of 
General Moncton. There you see the changes more prompt 
than could have been expected from them. I acknowledge 
that the American army is agreeably surprised. The great 
Babylon has fallen, and all the undermined world rests on its 
foundation. What cries of universal joy, and what bumpers of 
Madeira will be drunk on his prompt departure. God knows 
whether he will deign to reply to our last letters ; he is suf- 
ficiently pleased to leave you in the lurch. I know that you 
will draw good from it, notwithstanding his jealousy. I pray 
very humbly. Sir, to you to take the trouble to speak to Cap- 
tain Barnsley with regard to my subsistence. I would be 
charmed if things could be arranged pleasantly. He charges 
me ten shillings . . . more than it cost. There is the way 
some people make money in the world. It seems to me that 
after having spent foolishly my money during i8 months he 
might as well give me the change. He has lost nothing by me ; 
but when one is a Jew he is a Jew, and remains so, besides 
that there is due me two sch. sterling a day, too much pay 
for the music, from the 25th of April, 1762, until October 24, 
1763. Never was detachment more disagreeable than this 
one, above all for poor Captain Stewart as commandant. He 
has been very badly served and obeyed by some of the officers, 
so that after all the patience imaginable he sees himself in the 
hard necessity to send to you Lieutenants Guy and Watson, 
prisoners for faults and crimes for which in all other services 
the last would have had his head broken. I am not surprised 
if the soldiers mutiny when the officers conduct themselves 
in that way. I will say no more about it ; you will see in the 
papers more than you wish to. Mr. Guy has surely neglected 
his duty ; he left his guard the day of the mutiny, took lodg- 
ings in town without permission, while I, though sick, camped- 
with the soldiers. One evening, when he was on duty, he did 



144 liOL'OUET PAPERS. 

not make his round. I spoke of it to him the next clay, on 
which he repHed that if he knew the reporter he would kick 
him on the back. I replied that it was me, and that it was my 
duty, and it seemed to me that every one should do his. He 
retired, some days after he was put under arrest. I wrote to 
him and advised him as a friend, but he did not deign to reply, 
I abandon him to his unhappy fate and pity him. He is an 
idiot who lets himself be led, and who follows a bad guide. He 
is uncourteous to be obstinate when he is entirely in the wrong. 
1 It is true that when one breakfasts with a toddy one is liable 
to commit great faults during the day and to repent in the 
evening. However it may be, he comes out badly from it. 

I continue to recommend myself to the honor of your 
remembrance and to call myself very respectfully, Sir, 
Your very humble and very obedient servant, 

S. ECUVER. 

[Colonel Bouquet.] 

P. S. — I must not neglect to recommend to you Mr. Hutch- 
ins as a worthy ofificer. He has given himself all imaginable 
trouble and has been of great use to Captain Stewart and the 
detachment. His diligence and good will merits more than I 
can tell you. 



[The Bouquet Papers.] 

LETTER TO MAJOR GLADWIN. 

Fort Pitt, August 28, 1763. 
Dear Sir: — I had last night the very great pleasure to re- 
ceive your letter of the 28th of July by your express Andrew, 
who says he was detained by sickness at Sandusky. Your 
letters for the General are forwarded. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 145 

A Mohawk having reported to Sir Wm. Johnson that De 
Troit was taken, I could not help being uneasy, tho' long 
acquainted with Indian lies. It was a great satisfaction to 
me to know from yourself that you have been able to defend 
that post, with so few men, against that multitude. What 
was known below of your firm and prudent conduct from the 
beginning of the Insurrection had obtained the General's 
approbation, and does you the greatest honor. 

The loss of all our detached posts is no more than could be 
expected from their defenceless state ; but Captain Campbell's 
death affects me sensibly. 

I pity the unfortunate who remain yet in the power of the 
barbarians, as every step we take to rescue them may and 
will probably hasten their death. Your express says that 
after he left the De Troit two Wiandots told him that the 
detachment of 300 men from Niagara had joined you with 
provisions. This will give you some ease till more effectual 
reinforcements can be sent. 

You know that you are to have the command of all the 
troops destined for De Troit and to retake possession of the 
country now fallen into the hands of the enemy. To that 
effect the General collects all the troops that can be spared at 
Niagara, and Presque Isle.* The remains of the 42d and 
77th were ordered to join you this way, when we had intelli- 
gence that Venango had been surprised. Lieutenant Gordon 
and all his unfortunate garrison massacred. Le Boeuff aban- 
doned and Presque Isle surrendered, to my unspeakable aston- 
ishment, as I knew the strength of that block house, which 
would have been relieved from Niagara. 

Fort Pitt was attacked and invested by all the Delawares 
and parts of the Shawnese, Wiandots and Mingoes, to the 

* Erie. 

t On French Creek. 



146 F^OUgUET PAl'KRS, 

number of 400, by their account, but much more considerable, 
as we found afterward, besides their women and children, 
which they had brought here to carry the plunder to their 
towns, not doubting to take the place. Fort Burd, on the 
Monongehela, Bushy Run and Stoney Creek were abandoned 
for want of men. 

Ligonier,* a post of great consequence to us, was defended 
with a handful of men by Lieut. Blane, and Capt. Ecuyer baf- 
fled all their efforts here, though the fort was open on three 
sides ; the floods having undermined the sodwork, the ram- / 
part had tumbled in the ditch. He pallissadoed and fraised 
the whole, raised a parapet all around, and in a short time 
with a small garrison he has made it impregnable for savages. 
Besides their attack on the forts, they kept parties on the 
communication and interrupted all expresses, while others 
falling upon the frontier settlements spread terror and deso- 
lation through the whole country.f 

Things being in that situation I received orders to march 
with the above troops, the only force the General could col- 
lect at that time for the relief of this fort, which was in great 
want of provisions, the little flour they had being damaged. 

In that pressing danger the provinces refused to give us 
the least assistance. Having formed a convoy, I marched 
from Carlisle the i8th of July with about 460 rank and file, 
being the remains of the 42d and 77th regiments, many of 
them convalescents. I left thirty men at Bedford, and as 
many at Ligonier, where I arrived on the 2d instant. Hav- 
ing no intelligence of the enemy, I determined to leave the 
waggons at that post and to proceed with 400 horses, loaded 
with flour, to be less incumbered in case of an action. ■ 

* Red Stone, old fort, one mile above the mouth of Red Stone Creek ; 
east side of Loyalhanna Creek. 
t Battle of Bushy Run. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I47 

I left Ligonier on the 4th, and on the 5th instant, at i o'clock 
P.M., after marching seventeen miles, we were suddenly at- 
tacked by all the savages collected about Fort Pitt. I shall 
not enter into the detail of that obstinate action, which lasted 
till night, and beginning early the 6th continued till i o'clock, 
when at last we routed them. They were pursued about two 
miles and so well dispersed that we have not S'een one since ; 
as we were excessively distressed by the total want of water, 
we marched immediately to the nearest spring without 
inquiring into the loss of the enemy, who must have suffered 
greatly by their repeated and bold attacks in which they were 
constantly repulsed. Our loss is very considerable. Of the 
42d: Captain-Lieutenant Graham, Lieutenant Mcintosh, Ran- 
gers Lieutenant Randall killed. 42d : Captain John Graham, 
Lieutenant Dun Campbell wounded. 77th : Lieutenant 
Donald Campbell. Volunteer People : killed, 50 ; wounded, 
60; in all, no. 

After delivering our convoy here, part of the troops were 
embarked and sent down the river to cut off the Shawnees ; 
the rest went back to Ligonier, and brought our wagons on 
the 22d. The great fatigues of long marches, and of being 
always under arms has occasioned great sickness, which, with 
the loss in the action, puts it out of my power to send you 
the remains of the two regiments ordered to join you by 
Presque Isle, till I receive a reinforcement. This gives me 
great uneasiness, as I know that they are much wanted. 

But you may be assured that we shall do everything in the 
power of man to assist you. I am to remain here myself, 
ready to go down the river with a strong body, which is to be 
ordered for that service. 

As I have no means to procure intelligence from Presque 
Isle, I am obliged to send your express that way, and at his 
return I will dispatch him by Sandusky, with what news I 



it^- 



148 BOUQUET I'AI'EKS. 

may then have received and a duplicate of this. It is very- 
agreeable to me to hear that our officers with you have been 
so happy as to obtain your approbation of their services, and 
I am much obliged to you for the honor you have done them. 
I enclose the latest papers we have. Two of our battalions 
are reduced. I know nothing certain of the numbers of corps 
remaining. 

I am, dear Sir, 

Your most obedient and humble servant, 

H. Bouquet, Col. 

ORDERLY BOOK. 

Fort Pitt, Saturday, May 28, 1763. G. O. parole, Devon- 
shire. The battalion to be under arms to-morrow morning 
at 6 o'clock, the men's arms and accoutrements to be clean 
and in good order for to-day, to-morrow Lieutenant Carre. 

For Guard i sergeant, 2 corporals, 22 privates. 

Fort Pitt, May 29, 1763. Sunday, G. O. parole, George. 
The officer of the day in case of an alarm to take the com- 
mand of the main guard and wait under arms for further 

orders. 

R. O. for the day to-morrow. Lieutenant Guy. 

Fort Pitt, Monday, May 30, 1763. G. O. parole, Vesel. 
The bridge to be drawn up at retreat beating till further 
orders. The artillery to give a sentinel to the flag bastion. 
The officer of the day to visit all the sentinels in the forts 
once every night, at any hour he pleases after 11 o'clock 
and order paroles from the main guard twice in the night. 

R. O. for the day to-morrow. Lieutenant Baillie. 

G, after orders. The officer of the day to take the com- 
mand of a picket of 1,1', i', 20° at retreat beating, who are 
to lodge on the grenadier bastion all night, to keep four senti- 
nels which the adjutant will place. All the men off duty to 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I49 

lay on their arms without stripping off their clothes, and no 
man whatever to be permitted to sleep out of the fort. The 
whole garrison to be under arms every morning one hour 
before day till further orders. And the sergeants and 
corporals are requested to see their men turn out without the 
least noise and acquaint their officers who are immediately to 
join them. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, May 31, 1763, G. O. parole, Plymouth ; 
countersign, Canterbury. The militia to march into the fort 
this evening at the retreat beating, with their arms, ammuni- 
tion and accoutrements, after which the rolls of the 
companies are to be called ; no man whatever to be permitted 
to leave the fort without permission from the commanding 
officer. In case of an attack the women to provide and serve 
the men upon duty with water and to take care not to make 
the least noise in going backwards and forwards in the fort 
or they will be turned out of it. Quartermaster Clark to 
provide all the tents that can be had for the militia to pitch 
on or near the bastions. 

The R. A. to give for picket to-night V : 2. 12^') ^ ^ ^ 
The militia to give i' : i. 12'^' \ "' •^' "^ 

R. O. for the day to-morrow, Lieutenant Donalon. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, June i, 1763. G. O. parole, Dublin; 
countersign, Cooke. 

The whole garrison to be under arms this evening at 6 
o'clock ; the musicians, drummers and servants to fall in with 
their company with arms and accoutrements. The Drum 
Major to act as orderly drummer till further orders. 

A return of the effective strength of each company, 
including the militia, to be given in at the same time to the 
commanding officer. 

The militia to draw provisions on Saturday next with the 
companies they are incorporated into. Commanding officers 



150 IJOUQUET PAPERS. 

of companies are to see that their militia are immediately- 
provided with powder, flints and such balls as are fit and 
suitable for their fire-locks and rifles. 

R. O. for the day to-morrow, Lieutenant Carre. 

Fort Pitt, Thursday, June 2, 1763. G. O. parole, London; 
countersign, Chatham. Ouatermaster Clark to get the 
provision return of each company, including the militia, 
to-morrow morning at 8 o'clock, and inform the commissary 
what fresh provisions there will be occasion to kill. Picket 
as usual. 

R. O. for the day to-morrow, Lieutenant Grey. 

Commanding officers of companies to examine their militia 
this evening at roll calling, if they are all provided with a suf- 
ficiency of ammunition and balls fitted to their pieces, and to 
see those provided that are deficient. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, June 3, 1763. G. O. parole, DeTroit. 
The picket and guard to join under the command of the 
officers of the day, and to be relieved everv evening at 
retreat beating ; in the day, the whole to lodge in the guard 
room, and in the night upon the grenadier bastion, as usual. 
The adjutant will give every evening to the officer of the day 
the signal, that the patrols of the outposts will give to the 
sentinels when challenged by them, which he will communi- 
cate to his sentinels. All the men to receive a dram this 
evening for their good behavior and another to-morrow to 
drink his Majesty's health, it being his birthday. The com- 
manding ofificer desires his thanks to be given to the garrison 
in general for the assiduity in carrying on this work with 
such good spirit and dispatch, and for the future orders that 
but one half of the garrison off duty be ordered for work in 
the forenoon and to be relieved by the other half in the after- 
noon. 

For the parade to-night 3 sergs., 3 corps., and 60 p's for the 
day. To-morrow Ensign Hutchins. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. I5I 

Fort Pitt, Saturday, June 4, 1763, G. O. parole, the King; 
countersign, George, which is to be given by all rounds and 
patrols within and without the garrison to the sentinels when 
challenged by them, upon which they are to be allowed to 
pass. As it is necessary (for more ease to the men) to divide 
the garrison into two reliefs, and a Captain being wanting, 
the commanding officer is pleased to appoint Lieutenant 
Carre to do duty as Captain Lieutenant for the time being, 
and he is to be obeyed as such. Captain Phillips' division for 
duty to-night to consist of Lieutenant-- Grey, Donallon, 
McKee and Milligan. 6% i"", 2 ', 96° to be relieved to-morrow 
morning by Captain Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Baillie, 
Hutchins, Fleming and Graber 5' 9' 96'". The Quarter 
Master to visit the barracks every other day, to see that they 
are kept clean and void of all nuisance that might infect the 
Garrison, which he will report to the commanding officer. 
He is also to deliver this evening to a Sergeant of each com- 
pany two quarts of loose powder, which they are to distribute 
to those men that have cartridges, and see that they 
strengthen each cartridge by adding one-third of an inch in 
length to it. The commanding officer recommends it to the 
men (that in case of an attack) they will keep themselves cool 
and not rashly throw away their ammunition, by firing with- 
out being sure of seeing the enemy before them and by such 
caution and conduct they may assure themselves of success, 
and he begs that all the officers will have a particular atten- 
tion to see this order obeyed. The commanding officer of 
artillery to order one-half of his detachment to their posts at 
picket mounting in the evening, to remain there all night. 
Work to-morrow as usual, and when the drum beats for the 
morning working party to leave off the afternoon party to 
fall on for work. Each man to have one pint of beer issued 
to him to-morrow at noon by the Sergeant-major. All orders 



152 nOUOUET PAPERS. 

concerning the men to be read to them by an officer of a 
company at roll calling in the evening. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, June 5, 1763. G. O. parole, Westmin- 
ster, countersign York. No horses to be suffered to go loose 
about the fort. The Quartermaster to see this order obeyed. 
He is also to take a list of the number of the women and the 
children in each barrack room, which is to be given in to the 
commanding officer at 2 o'clock, in order to have a proper 
number put together and prevent the men from being crowded 
and disturbed. As the dogs about the garrison make daily 
great disturbance, and in case of an attack might make great 
confusion in the garrison by their noise, that no orders could 
be heard or executed. It is therefore the commanding officer's 
positive order that all the dogs without exception that are not 
tied up after 4 o'clock this afternoon shall be killed and 
that a party be ordered immediately to put this order in exe- 
cution. It is likewise the commanding officer's orders that 
the wolf and bear be immediately killed or put out of the 
fort. 

Fort Pitt, Monday, June 6, 1763. G. O. parole, Philadel- 
phia ; countersign, Bath. All the men's arms to be dis- 
charged or drawn this day between the hours of 11 and 
I o'clock, on the Monongahela curtain, an officer of each 
company to be present and to see that every man, after hav- 
ing unloaded his piece, wipes her clean and loads her again. 
Captain Carre to order those men on duty to do the same, 
permitting only one-half of his guard to unload at one time. 
The cattle to be watered once every day, and fed with spelts 
twice, viz., at 10 o'clock in the morning and 4 in the after- 
noon, at which time the women to turn out to cut the spelts, 
and in case any of them refuse so to do, they are to be con- 
fined in the guard-room. A covering party of r, i"" 20^' to 
be sent with them from the guard. The captain and the 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 1 53 

guard to continue a corporal and 8 privates to kill or drown 
the dogs. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, June 7, 1763. G. O. parole, Jersey ; 
countersign, Grant. In case of an alarm, the guard to take 
the post they occupy at night, and all the men off duty to 
take their usual. post of alarm, viz., the grenadiers upon the 
Grenadier bastion, the general company upon the Ohio bas- 
tion, Captain Ecuyer's upon the Monongehela bastion. Cap- 
tain Gordon upon the Flag bastion, Captain Cochran upon the 
Music bastion. The Lieutenant-colonels, the reserve, under 
•Major Trent's orders. This disposition to take place till fur- 
ther orders ; and no women at that time to be suffered upon 
the ramparts or to appear out of their rooms, except such as 
are bringing water to men. Regular sentinels always to be 
posted at the bridge gate and sally-ports, who in case of an 
alarm are to permit nobody to go out of the fort without leave 
from the Captain of the guard. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, June 8, 1763. G. O. parole, Har- 
wick ; countersign, Pearth. Return of the strength of each 
company to be given in to the Sergeant-major at 2 o'clock. 
A covering party of an officer, i', i", 30"' to parade at half 
an hour past 2 o'clock, and to march to the spelt field, 
turning out all the women that are able to use and cut with a 
sickle, also 5 or 6 men to mow the spelts. It is then to be 
brought into the charge and care of the cattle guard, who are 
to dry it in the sun and stack it, and the Sergeant of that 
guard to be answerable that a proper quantity be equally 
given to the cattle daily, once in the forenoon and once in 
the afternoon. 

Fort Pitt, Thursday, June 9, 1763. G. O. parole, Cum- 
berland ; countersign, Cork. As the commanding officer 
thinks it necessary for the benefit of the garrison to have 
three reliefs, a return to be given in to-morrow morning of 



154 liOUQUET I'ACERS. 

each company, including for duty the servants (who are to 
mount guard with their masters), 4 drummers and all the 
artificers except the following, viz., 8 shipwrights, 2 bakers, 
I gunsmith, 2 wagoners, i gardener — the names of which 
the Sergeant-major will acquaint a sergeant of each company. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, June 10, 1763. G. O., Buckingham ; coun- 
tersign, How. The provision store to be surveyed imme- 
diately ; for that duty, Captain Phillips, Lieutenant Donalon, 
Ensign Hutchins. Captain Phillips will report to the com- 
manding officer the quantity they may find a necessity for 
condemning. Ensign Hutchins and Mr. McKee are ap- 
pointed to duty with the artillery till further orders. For 
guard to-night. Captain Phillips, Lieutenant Donalon and 
Davenport 5', r',69'"''. The sergeant of each company that 
is off duty to give in to the adjutant every morning a return 
of the effective strength of the company for duty that day, 
mentioning those excused and unfit for duty on the back. 

Fort Pitt, Saturday, June 11, 1763. G. O. parole, Boston; 
countersign, Wales. For guard to-night. Captain Carre, 
Lieutenants Fleming, Milligan and Christy 5', i , 71P''. All 
the chimneys to be swept this afternoon, but none of them to 
be cleaned by setting them on fire. The Quartermaster to 
see this order complied with, and also give orders to all the 
women against washing in the barrack rooms and governor's 
house. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, June 12, 1763. G. O. parole, Salsbury ; 
countersign, Watch. For guard to-night. Captain Phillips, 
Lieutenants Baillie and Greber 5 , i* and 71 R. & F. 

The women to wash at the batteau-shed in the lower town 
twice a week, viz., Mondays and Thursdays, at which time 
they will have a covering party from the guard of a corporal 
and six privates. 

Fort Pitt, Monday, June 13, 1763. G. O. parole, England ; 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I55 

countersign, John. For guard to-night. Captain Carre, 
Lieutenants Donalon and Davenport 5", i"" and 70 R. & F. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, June 14, 1763. G. O. parole, Annapolis ; 
countersign, Job. For guard to-night. Captain Phillips, 
Lieutenants Fleming, Milligan and Christy 5^,1'' and 70 R. & F. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, June 15, 1763. G. O. parole, Char- 
lotte ; countersign, M. 

The commanding officer is very much surprised and dis- 
pleased at the exorbitant price (he is informed) some persons 
have charged the poor and unfortunate people in the garrison 
for Indian corn, and it is his orders that none of it be sold 
above the rate of 6s per bushel, and that whoever has sold it 
higher since their coming into the fort to return to the buyer 
the overplus. Sergeants of company to see all their men 
provided with two firelocks and all the militia with tomahawks 
when under arms this evening. The militia always to parade 
with their tomahawks. One relief to march at 2 o'clock this 
day with single firelocks, to destroy the fences and chimneys 
of the upper town ; for this duty Lieutenants Donalon and 
Davenport, 4 . 40 R. and F., with arms, 30 rank and file, with 
falling axes, pickaxes and spades. All the women to carry 
water, to fill the empty casks upon the ramparts, at 4 o'clock 
this afternoon, the casks to be equally distributed and 
properly placed upon the bastions and curtains. For guard 
to-night, Captain Carre, Lieutenants Baillie and Graber, 
5', I'', 69 R. and F. No work this afternoon. 

Fort Pitt, June 16, 1763. G, O. parole, Amherst. 

Headquarters, New York, May 4, 1763. 

Orders. — His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief, makes 
known to the army that the definitive treaty of peace between 
His Majesty and the most Christian and Catholic kings is 
signed, to which order observance will be had. Signed, 
Jeoffry Amherst, 



156 I50UOUET PAPERS. 

General orders. — Whenever a covering party is ordered out, 
whoever may command the party is not upon any account to 
allow any man to pass his sentinels without a written order 
from the commanding officer of the garrison, and none of the 
men to run upon any occasion before their officer, but keep 
themselves cool and wait for orders and directions ; then 
they may always assure themselves of success ; but by running 
without directions they will fall in disorder and be out of 
breath when they come up to engage the enemy, which would 
be of the greatest disadvantage to them and bad consequence. 
An officer of each company to see the men's arms drawn imme- 
diately, and the spare balls to be delivered by the sergeant to 
the Quartermaster ; none of the arms to be fired off except the 
rifles. The commanding officer is pleased to appoint John 
Robertson, of the grenadier company, Sergeant of militia, in 
his own company, in the room of Sergeant Miller, dead, and 
he is to be obeyed as such. For guard to-night. Captain 
Phillips, Lieutenants Donalon and Davenport, 5 , i and 70 
R. and F. 

Fort Pitt, June 17, 1763. G. O. parole, America. As a 
party is expected daily from Bedford, the command- 
ing officer makes known to the garrison that that party will 
have white garters tied round their heads, to distinguish them 
from the enemy, tho' their dress will be something like the 
Indian manner. And as expresses may be expected daily or 
nightly, sentinels are to challenge i, 2 or 3 persons that 
may appear in the night two or three times before they fire. 
For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants 
Fleming, Christy and Milligan, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 70 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, the i8th, 1763. G. O. parole, Bedford. The 
sentinels not to allow any person to cut grass upon an)' 
part of the rampart or parapet without leave in writing from 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 57 

the commanding ofificer, nor to suffer anybody but the work- 
men to go near the fascines, as machines are fixed, these not 
showing where they are placed, might be wounded or hurt. 
For guard to-night, Captain Phillips, Lieutenants Baillie and 
Graber, i sergeant, i drummer and 70 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 19, 1763. G. O. parole, Granby. The gar^ 
rison to be under arms to-morrow morning at 2 o'clock, each 
company at their alarm posts. 

For guard to-night, Captain Lieutenant Carre, Lieute- 
nants Donelon and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 

68 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 20, 1763. G. O. parole. Darby. As those 
people who have Indian corn for sale think 6s a bushel too 
little, refusing to sell it at so reasonable a price, by which the 
poor and necessitous in the garrison are much distressed, 
the commanding officer thinks proper to allow them to sell 
it at one dollar per bushel, and that whoever shall presume to 
ask a higher price or refuse to sell it at that rate shall be 
punished for disobedience of this order. The garrison to be 
under arms at 2 o'clock to-morrow morning. 

For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieuten- 
ants Grey, Milligan and Christy, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 

69 privates. 

Fort Pitt, June 21, 1763. G. O. parole, Sunderland. As 
the people who have cattle are desirous of repairing the 
fences near where Colonel Burd's house stood, they are to 
be under arms at 2 o'clock this afternoon, and to march there 
together ; they are desired to be very cautious and hurry their 
work ; two pieces of cannon will cover their retreat. 

For guard to-night. Captain- Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants 
Baillie, Fleming and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 69 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 22, 1763. G. O. parole, Aberdeen As the 



158 r.OUOUET PAPERS. 

small quantity of wood within the fort may be wanted for 
the works, and is not sufficient to serve for the common 
uses of the garrison, the commanding officer desires the 
several officers' messes to be very saving of it, and orders 
the private men and women to gather their fire-wood in the 
lower town, that the wood within the fort may be used at the 
last extremity. The dogs being still noisy at night, and hinder- 
ing people of their rest, whoever keeps dogs are desired to 
have them tied up at night. Patroles will go round the fort 
for the future to kill them, and for every dog they kill they 
will get a half crown reward. For guard to-night, Captain- 
Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Donellon and Davenport, 5 
sergeants, i drummer, and 67 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 23, 1763. G. O. parole, Dublin. The 
monthly returns to be given to-morrow at orderly time. Fof 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Grey, 
Milligan and Christy, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 69 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 24, 1763. G. O. parole, Westminster.- 
For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Baillie, Fleming and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, and 69 
rank and file. 

P'ort Pitt, June 25, 1763. G. O. parole, Chatham. The 
townspeople who have cattle, to go together at 3 o'clock this 
afternoon, to make a fence across the spelt field,-'' beginning so 
far down as the spelts are cut, in which part the cattle may 
feed. For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieu- 
tenants Donellon and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 
68 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 26, 1763. G. O. parole, Edinburgh. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Guy, 
Milligan and Christy, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 71 rank and 
file. 

* German wheat. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 59 

Fort Pitt, June 27, 1763. G. O. parole, Scarborough. A 
court-martial to sit immediately, Captain-Lieutenant Carre 
President, Lieutenant Baillie (members) Lieutenant Guy. 
The men that came in from Le Boeuf and Presque Isle 
yesterday to be armed and accoutred and provided with the 
necessaries they want immediately. For guard to-night, Cap- 
t:ain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Baillie, Fleming and 
Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 69 rank and file. The Cap- 
tain of the guard to send the keys of all the gates of the 
garrison to the commanding officer, to whom they are always 
to be applied for (when wanted) by a sergeant and six men. 

Fort Pitt, June 28, 1763. G. O. parole, Woolwich. No 
fires to be kept in the barracks after tattoo beats. The rooms 
will be visited and any person found with fires in their rooms 
after that time will be punished for disobedience of orders. 
For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Donellon and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 67 
rank and file. 

Sergeant Robinson of Captain Gordon's company being- 
appointed to remain orderly over the commanding officers. 
The commanding officer is pleased to appoint William Camp- 
bell (additional to the artillery) to do duty as sergeant in 
Captain Gordon's company and the artillery to take another 
man (in) his room. 

Fort Pitt, June 29, 1763. G. O. parole, Chelsea. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, 
Milligan and Christy, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 69 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, June 30, 1763. G. O. parole, Norwich. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Bail- 
lie, Fleming and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, and 68 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July i, 1763. G. O. parole, Edinburgh. For 



l60 UOL'yUKT I'APERS. 

guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Don- 
ellon. Price and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 70 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 2, 1763. G. O. parole, Yarmouth. If any 
woman, drawing provisions, refuse to carry water when ordered 
they shall be struck off the provision return and turned out 
of the garrison as soon as the communication is clear. There- 
fore, all the women to turn out this afternoon at 4 o'clock to 
fill all the casks round the ramparts, and the commanding- 
officer hopes they will do it without grumbling, it being for 
the good of the service. Whoever keeps horses or cows in 
the fort is ordered to clean the place where they stand every 
day, or the cattle will be turned out into the field, this being 
to prevent sickness in the garrison. For guard to-night, Cap- 
tain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Milligan and Christy, 5 
sergeants, i drummer, 68 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 3, 1763. G. O. parole, Dover. For guard to- 
night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Fleming and 
Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 71 rank and file. The men 
to lie upon their arms every night till further orders, without 
taking off their clothes. 

Fort Pitt, July 4, 1763. G. O. parole, Chester. No body 
allowed to smoke upon sentry or upon guard. Command- 
ing officer of post to be answerable for it. The back win- 
dow shutters of all barrack rooms to be shut as soon as it 
is dusk. For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, 
Lieutenants Donellon, Price and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i 
drummer, 74 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 5, 1763. G. O. parole, Frankfort. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, 
Milligan and Christie, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 73 rank and 
file. 

Fort Pitt, July 6, 1763. Parole, Greenwich. For guard 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 161 

to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Baillie, 
Fleming and Greber, 5 Serjeants, i drummer and 70 rank 
and file. After orders : As the traders have lost many of 
their deerskins out of the bundles that are piled up in the 
fort, whoever shall be found with any of them in their custody 
shall be most severely punished, as well as pay for the skins ; 
and whoever will discover such persons will be rewarded 
for it. 

Fort Pitt, July 7, 1763. G. O. parole, Glasgow. As 
troops are daily expected from our colonies, the relief that 
is last off guard to hold themselves always in readiness to turn 
out on the first notice to support them. They are to parade 
in their waistcoats, and with one firelock only. A proper 
disposition will be made before they march out. For guard 
to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Donellon, 
Ensign Price, Lieutenant Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer 
and 71 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 8, 1763. Parole, Falmouth. For guard 
to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Guy, Mil- 
ligan and Christie, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 73 rank and 
file. A working party of a sergeant and 12 privates, and a 
covering party of 12 privates to parade, all with their arms, 
to-morrow morning at 7 o'clock to work in the King's 
garden. 

Fort Pitt, July 9, 1763. G. O. parole. New Castle. A 
working party for the King's garden to parade to-morrow 
morning at 7 o'clock, as usual. A court-martial to sit at 3 
o'clock this afternoon, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, President ; 
Ensign Hutchins (members), Ensign Price. 

For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants 
Baillie, Fleming and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 71 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 10, 1763. G. O. parole, Brunswick. A 



l62 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

working and covering party for the King's garden to parade 
to-morrow morning at 7 o'clock, to consist of 12 men of the 
regulars for work, and a sergeant and 12 ditto to cover them, 
the whole to parade with arms. All the men off duty to parade 
at the same hour to collect wood. The artillery to collect for 
themselves. They are to work from 7 o'clock to 1 1, and from 
I to 5 in the afternoon. For guard to-night, Captain-Lieu- 
tenant Phillips, Lieutenants Donellon, Price and Davenport, 
5 sergeants, i drummer and 'j'i^ rank and file. The clapboards 
and shingles to be burned by the baker only, none of them 
to be used in the barrack rooms, nor any of the long timber 
to be cut by any body for fire-wood, as it may be wanted for 
the works about the garrison. 

Fort Pitt, July 11, 1763. G. O. parole, Carlisle. All the 
old iron and nails that is found in the ashes of the wood 
used for fire to be brought to the serjeant-major's room. 
For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenant 
Guy, Christie and Milligan, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 72 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 12, 1763. G. O. parole, Brussels. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Baillie, Fleming and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 70 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 13, 1763. G. O. parole, Sumersett. For 
guard to-night — Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Don- 
ellon, Price and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 71 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 14, 1763. G. O. parole, America. Cap- 
tain Ecuyer gives his thanks to the militia for their diligence 
hitherto at work, and for the future he exempts them from 
all kinds of fatigue, except such as the service may absolutely 
require, and assures them that he will acquaint the General- 
in-Chief of their services and good behavior, and shall always 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 163 

acknowledge they have done their duty with spirit, Hke true 
British men. At the same time desires the inhabitants who 
have cows to sell them to Mr. Murray, the commissary, for 
the benefit of the garrison, as he is determined not to allow a 
man to go out any more with them, having lost already three 
men by them, whose lives were too valuable at this post to 
be lost on such occasions. In case of an alarm everybody 
to be at their alarm posts, as per order of June the 7th, and 
not to run to such parts as where they may hear firing, but 
remain at their own posts, and whoever will be found from it 
will be punished for disobedience of orders. The command- 
ing officer recommends to the officers commanding at the 
several posts not to suffer the men so easily to throw away 
their ammunition without paying a proper attention to the 
orders they receive from their officers as to their firing, and 
desires they will confine such of them as do not pay a due 
observance to their orders on that head. For guard to-night, 
Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Guy, Milligan and 
Christie, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 73 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 15, 1763. G. O. Burlington. For guard to- 
night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Baillie, Flem- 
ing and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer and 73 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 16, 1763. The garrison to be under arms 
to-morrow at 11 o'clock, the company to form before their 
barracks, and march to their alarm posts. The guard to re- 
main at their posts and as soon as the whole are upon the 
ramparts the officers are to make their disposition and wait 
for further orders. Garrison weekly returns to be given to- 
morrow at 9 o'clock. All the sickles in the garrison to be put 
in good order to-day. Mr. McCallister and Sergeant Campbell 
are desired to have them repaired. A court-martial to sit at 
II o'clock, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, President; Lieu- 
tenant Donelon (members). Ensign Price. For guard to- 



164 r.OUOUET PAPERS. 

night Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Donelon, 
Price and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 73 rank and 
file. After orders Mr. Clarke ; the Quartermaster to see the 
flour belonging to the king most exactly weighed and also the 
bacon, pork, salt beef, hung beef, rice and salt. The commis- 
sary to give a true and just return the 22d inst. to the com- 
manding officer of all the several articles under his care. The 
troops being served up to that day inclusive, at the same time 
he is to give in also a return of the provisions belonging to 
the townspeople. 

Fort Pitt, July 17, 1763. G. O. parole Deal. The spelts to 
be cut to-morrow morning ; a covering party of regulars to be 
under arms to-morrow morning at 5 o'clock, to consist of one 
captain, 4 subalterns 5 sergeants, i drummer, and 80 rank 
and file, to be distributed as follows ; i subaltern, i sergeant 
and 20 rank and file men, near the coopers' shop, along the 
ridge of Hulins field, i subaltern, i sergeant and 20 rank 
and file along the Allegheny River, and the captain with 2 
subalterns 3 sergeants and 40 rank and file in the centre ; 
besides there will be a party of i subaltern and 30 volunteers 
which will take post upon Grant's Hill. The whole to be 
under the command of the captain. 

For the above duty Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieuten- 
ant Guy, Baillie, Price, Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer 
and 80 regulars. 

To take post upon Grant's Hill, Lieutenant Pleming and 30 
volunteers. Major Trent will be pleased to find 30 men 
amons: the militia to cut and tie the corn. The whole will 
be covered with cannon and howitzers. The commanding- 
officer of the artillery will give proper directions for that 
purpose. The whole will take a little bread and cold meat 
with them, sufficient for a day. 

For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 165 

Milligan, Christy and Greber, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 76 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 18, 1763. G. O. parole, Brussels. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Baillie and Fleming, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 73 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 19, 1763. G. O. parole, Bergenupzoom. 
The people who had cattle taken by the commanding officer's 
orders, are desired to settle with Mr. Murray, who will pay 
them at the rate of 4}4d per pound. 

For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants 
Donelon, Price and Davenport, 5 sergeants, i drummer, 74 
rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 20, 1763. G. O. parole, Peterborrow. The 
commanding officer is very much surprised to find most 
of the guards at 3 o'clock in the morning fast asleep in- 
stead of being under arms from 2 o'clock till broad day, 
that being a general 1 ule, as well in time of peace as in time 
of war, to guard against a surprise ; and as a large number of 
Indians appear about us, the garrison to form two relieves 
till further orders. 

For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieuten- 
ants Potts, Baillie, Price, Milligan and Christie, 7 sergeants, i 
drummer, 112, rank and file. They are to take post as 
follows, viz.: 

Capt. Lieut. Serg. D. R. F. 



Grenadier Bastion 
Ohio Bastion 
Monongehela Bastion 
Music Bastion 
Flag Bastion 



3 I 3^ 

I 24 

I 20 

I 20 

I 12 



Total I K 7 I 112 



l66 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

Half of the men of each bastion to be on sentry at night, 
sentinels in the day as usual. The artillery to keep two 
gunners on each bastion all day. Mr. Price not to mount 
to-night, he being on guard. 

Fort Pitt, July 21, 1763. G. O. parole, Tinmouth. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, 
Donalon, Davenport, Fleming and Greber, 7 sergeants, i 
drummer, and 1 10 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 22, 1763. G. O. parole, Lincoln. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Potts, Baillie, Price, Milligan and Christy, 7 sergeants, i drum- 
mer, and 112 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 23, 1763. G. O. parole, Hanslow. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, 
Donalon, Fleming, Davenport and Greber, 7 sergeants, 
I drummer, 1 1 1 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July, 1763. G, O. parole, Middlesex. A court- 
martial to sit immediately. Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, 
President ; Lieutenant Baillie (members), Ensign Hutchins. 
For guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Potts, Baillie, Price, Milligan and Christie, seven sergeants, 
I drummer and 112 rank and file. The monthly and garrison 
returns to be given this evening. 

Fort Pitt, July 25, 1763. G. O. parole, Colebrook. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, 
Donalon, Davenport, Fleming and Greber, 7 sergeants, i 
drummer, 112 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 26, 1763. G. O. parole. Maidenhead. For 
guard to-night, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants 
Potts, Baillie, Price, Milligan and Christie, 7 sergeants, 
I drummer, 112 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 27, 1763. G. O. parole, Hambleton. A 
working party of one sergeant and eight privates to parade 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 6/ 

every morning at 5 o'clock to thresh the "spelt,"* when the 
weather will permit, till it is all done. For guard to-night, 
Captain-Lieutenant Carre, Lieutenants Guy, Donalon, Daven- 
port, Fleming and Greber, 7 sergeants, i drummer, 112 rank 
and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 28, 1763. G. O. parole, Oakham. As 
several firelocks have gone off at half-cock, an ofificer of 
each company to examine all the arms carefully this evening 
at roll-calling, and have such of them repaired immediately, 
to prevent further accidents. For guard to-night, Captain- 
Lieutenant Phillips, Lieutenants Potts, Baillie, Price, Christie 
and Milligan, 7 sergeants, i drummer, 112 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, July 29, 1763. G. O. parole, George. N. B. — 
Being attacked. 

Fort Pitt, July 30, 1763. G. O. parole, Buckingham. A 
redoubt to be built in Croghan's Point of 18 feet in square, 
with high and strong pickets and embrasures to it ; for that 
purpose a party of a sergeant and twelve men to parade to 
help the carpenters, who are to be kept off duty till further 
orders. 

Fort Pitt, July 31, 1763. G. O. parole, Aberdeen. The 
relief of guard to march to their several bastions at sun- 
set. The officers to take their posts of alarm as yester- 
night ; the whole to remain upon the ramparts all night ; the 
men to be divided into four reliefs for sentries, and if nothing 
extraordinary happens in the morning, the relief upon guard 
at present to march to their post at 6 o'clock. The officers 
commanding at bastions are desired not to allow on any 
account the men to raise fixed shades against the parapet in 
the night time, as it would not only very much prevent the 
men from doing their duty in case of attack, but also stop the 
passage from sending orders back and forwards when re- 

*'" German wheat. 



l68 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

quired. In the daytime the men may be allowed loose shades, 
made with their blankets only, which are to be taken off at 
night. The ship-carpenters to compose part of the reserve, 
and also the musicians till further orders. 

Fort Pitt, August i, 1763. Parole, Stonehave. As the 
wood begins to be very scarce, and wanted to carry on the 
works, the commanding officer desires the garrison once 
more to be very saving of it, especially the women, who 
destroy such a quantity in washing and ironing. They are, 
therefore, for the future, to wash the linen only, without iron- 
ing it at all, till we can get more wood. The whole garrison 
to be acquainted with this order. The relief of guard to 
march to their bastions at sunset as usual. 

Fort Pitt, August 2, 1763. G. O. parole, Bouquet. The 
commanding officer has the pleasure to inform the garrison 
than an army arrived at Bedford the 25th of July under 
the command of Colonel Bouquet and may be expected very 
shortly at this post, to our relief ; also that another army is 
on their march by the Lakes into the heart of the enemy's 
country. If any Indians should appear before the fort with 
green boughs in the muzzles of their guns, they are not to 
be fired upon, but looked upon as friends, and to be reported 
to the commanding officer immediately on their appearance. 
The garrison to take post to-night as usual. 

Fort Pitt, August 3, 1763. G. O. parole, Glasgow. The gar- 
rison to be divided into two relieves. For guard to-night. 
Lieutenants Potts, Baillie, Price, Fleming and Milligan, 
7 sergeants, i drummer, 116 rank and file, the eldest subaltern 
to command ; the whole to take post at the grenadier bastion 
and to report all extraordinaries to that commanding officer. 
One-half of the men at each bastion to be sentry at a time. 

Fort Pitt, August 4, 1763. G. O. parole, Dublin. A court- 
martial to set at 1 1 o'clock ; Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, Presi- 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 69 

dent ; Lieutenant Donelon (members), Ensign Hutchins. For 
guard to-night. Lieutenants Guy, Donelon, Davenport, Chris- 
tie and Greber, 6 sergeants, i drummer, io6 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, August 5, 1763. G. O. parole, Porchester. For 
guard to-night. Lieutenants Potts, Baillie, Price, Fleming 
and Milligan, 6 sergeants, i drummer, 106 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, August 6, 1763. G. O. parole, Norwich. For 
guard to-night. Lieutenants Guy, Donelon, Davenport, 
Greber and Christie, 6 sergeants, i drummer, 106 rank and 
file. 

Fort Pitt, August 7, 1763. G. O. parole, Deptford. For 
guard to-night. Lieutenants Potts, Baillie, Price, Fleming 
and Milligan, 6 sergeants, i drummer, 106 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, August 8, 1763. G. O. parole, Southampton. For 
guard to-night, Lieutenants Guy, Donnelon, Davenport, 
Greber and Christie, 6 sergeants, i drummer, 106 rank and 
file. 

Fort Pitt, August 9, 1763. G. O. parole, Petersfield. For 
guard to-night, Lieutenants Potts, Baillie, Price, Flemming 
and Milligan, 6 sergeants, i drummer, 106 rank and file. 

Fort Pitt, August 10, 1763. G. O. parole. King George. 
For guard to-night. Lieutenants Baillie and Milligan. Garri- 
son orders : The sergeants and corporals on guard to stand 
fast till to-morrow morning, the guards of the several bastions 
to join immediately the guard at the grenadier bastion, leav- 
ing their sentries posted as usual, and from that bastion the 
sentries will be relieved till further orders. 

Fort Pitt, August 11, 1763. G. O. parole. Countersign. 
Garrison orders : The guard to be relieved at 10 o'clock^ 
For guard. Ensign Price, 2 sergeants, i drummer and ^6 rank 
and file. 

Colonel Bouquet orders his thanks to be given to the 
officers, soldiers and inhabitants who have so bravely de- 



170 I'.OL'OUET PAPERS. 

fended the post against the repeated attacks of barbarians 
and malicious enemies. Captain Ecuyer by his firm and 
prudent conduct has obtained the General's entire approbation 
and it is with the greatest satisfaction that the Colonel in- 
forms him of it. The Colonel takes a particular pleasure in 
expressing to Major Trent how agreeable his services and 
those performed by the brave militia under his command are 
to him, and returns him his sincere thanks for the ready as- 
sistance he has constantly given to the commanding officer, 
desiring he will inform his officers and men of the grateful sense 
the Colonel has of their behavior. Nothing can be more 
agreeable to the Colonel than to have to represent to the Gen- 
eral the merit of the officers and men who have contributed to 
the preservation of this important post, which particularly 
curbs the insolence and pride of the faithless savages and con- 
tinues an immovable barrier against the impotence of their rage 
and perfidy. All the double arms employed in defence of this 
post to be drawn and delivered with the ammunition to the 
officer of the artillery who will have them put in order. All 
the women and children and useless people to hold themselves 
in readiness to-morrow night to go to the settlement. A 
party to be ready to reap to-morrow morning, who will be 
covered by a company of light infantry. The effects of a de- 
ceased officer of the 42d Regiment to be sold at vendue to- 
morrow morning in camp at lo o'clock. 

For guard to-morrow, Lieutenant Donelon, i sergeant, 2 
corporals, i drummer, 36 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 12, 1763. G. O. parole, Middlesex; 
countersign, Allegheny. Two days provisions to be issued 
to the detachment immediately, viz. : to the 13th, inclusive. 
The regular troops off duty to parade at the front of the 
camp at 5 o'clock this afternoon. All the militia to line the 
bastions at the same hour. The 60th Regiment to furnish 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. I/I 

a captain, 2 subalterns, 2 sergeants, and 60 rank and file, to 
encamp to-morrow in the line and march with the escort to 
Ligonier. The same number of the troops of the line under 
the command of Captain Stewart, of the 42d, are to join the 
garrison of this fort ; the men most unfit to march are to form 
this detachment. The rations are reduced till further orders 
to seven pounds of bread and seven pounds of beef per week. 

N. B.— Four pounds of pork is equal to seven pounds of 
beef. The detachment of the Royal Artillery, and the officers 
and men of the garrison who have done duty with them, have 
distinguished themselves in the attack of this fort, and Colonel 
Bouquet desires that his thanks be particularly given to that 
corps for their important services on that occasion. 

Royal order by Colonel Bouquet: The detachment of 
Royal Americans that is to march to be completed to thirty 
rounds per man and three flints each. They are to march 
without their coats, or any baggage except their blankets. 
For that duty Captain-Lieutenant PhilHps, Lieutenant Baillie 
and Ensign Price, 2 sergeants, i drummer, and 60 rank and 
file. 

Fort Pitt, August 13, 1763. G. O. parole, Bristol; coun- 
tersign St. Andrew. The troops under the command of 
Major Campbell, consisting of the remains of the 42d and 
77th Regiments and a detachment of the Royal Artillery 
Regiment, are to march this evening for Ligonier, with Cap- 
tain Barret's Rangers, and take under their escort the women, 
children and useless people of this garrison, and all the pack- 
horses, with 200 empty bags. Major of brigade will furnish a 
list. Commissary Herren and his assistant to march and 
return with this detachment. Mr. Clinton, mate of the hos- 
pital, and Mr. Murdoch, mate of the 42d Regiment, are to 
return with this detachment and take with them a medicine 
chest. Mr. Lister to take charge of the sick and wounded of 



172 HOUOUEi' PAPERS. 

the 42cl Regiment left here, and Dr. McLean of the 77th, and 
of all the wounded rangers, pack-horse men or other people 
not belonging to the regiment. The troops above-mentioned, 
the women and children, pack-horse, bullock and sheep- 
drivers discharged, are to draw bread or flour to the i6th 
instant, and pork to the 20th, inclusive. 

N. B. — The children to have half a ration only. Commis- 
sary Herren will take sheep to march with that detachment. 
A return to be given to the Major of brigade of the horses 
wanted for the ofificers, which Mr. Prefer is to furnish. He is 
likewise to lend horses to the women, but not to load any of 
them with above 160 pounds weight of baggage. Axes to be 
taken to clear the roads. 

After orders : All letters are to be sent this day to Captain 
Bassett, who goes express. It is the commanding officer's 
order, no person of any condition whatsoever sends any letters 
by anybody else, as they will be destroyed if found, and the 
carrier punished for disobedience of orders. 

Fort Pitt, August 14, 1763. G. O parole, Windsor. For 
guard to-morrow two subalterns, three sergeants, four cor- 
porals, seventy privates. For picket to-night, one captain, 
one subaltern, three sergeants, four corporals, seventy pri- 
vates. Officers for guard, Lieutenant Allen Grant, Lieu- 
tenant Greber. The officers of the picket once every 
night to go the rounds. The picket to parade at retreat 
beating, for that duty this night Captain Stewart and Lieu- 
tenant Davenport. Any person knowing of any women and 
children being hid in the fort who are ordered away, are to 
discover them immediately to the Major of brigade, and who- 
ever dares to screen any of them must be treated with the 
utmost severity. Royal order for guard to-morrow : two ser- 
geants, two corporals, twenty-four privates. For picket to- 
night, one sergeant, one corporal, twenty-four privates. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1/3 

Fort Pitt, August 15, 1763. G. O. parole, Harwick. For 
guard 

Fort Pitt, August 16, 1763. G. O. parole, Cork. For guard, 
2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 61 privates. For picket, 
1 subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 30 privates. The brigade 
Major and Major of militia will take an inventory of all the 
provisions in the fort, including cattle and grain, and all in- 
habitants who have cattle, dried meat, corn, or any other 
kind of provisions are to inform the Major of brigade of it, 
who will order it to be received into the King's store and give 
certificates for the payment to the owners. A gill of salt per 
man to be issued to the troops. Royal order : for picket to- 
night, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 11 privates. For 
picket, Ensign Hutchins. For guard to-morrow : i subaltern, 

1 sergeant, 3 corporals, 22 privates. For guard. Lieutenant 
Donelon. 

Fort Pitt, August 17, 1763. G. O. parole. Darby. For guard 

2 sergeants, 3 subalterns, 4 corporals, 60 privates ; for picket, 
I subaltern, i sergeant, 4 corporals, 30 privates. A return 
of the sick and wounded to be given to the brigade Major by 
the surgeons, distinguishing those who are to be on full and 
those on half allowance of provision. The bridge to be drawn 
and the gates to be shut at retreat beating. R. O. For 
guard. Ensign Hutchins, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 22 privates ; 
for picket, ii privates. The men's accounts to be balanced 
and the men settled with to the 22d July inclusive, being 26 
weeks from the time they were last settled with. 

New York, April 9, 1763. Orders. — The Secretary at War 
having transmitted in a letter to the Commander-in-Chief 
copies of a letter from the Speaker of the Honorable House 
of Commons with resolution of that House, the Commander- 
in-Chief takes the earliest opportunity of communicating the 
same to the officers under his command, with a copy of the 



174 DOUOUET PAPERS. 

Secretary at War's letter. The Commander-in-Chief with the 
warmest gratitude must express to the officers and soldiers 
he has the honor to command the pleasure and satisfaction 
he has in communicating to them this honorable testimony of 
their services ; and he cannot omit on this occasion to signify 
to them that their constant steady good conduct, and unwearied 
exertion of their abilities in carrying on the extensive and 
successful war in this country, not only entitles them to the 
most sincere acknowledgments, but has imprinted in him such 
strong marks of affection and esteem for them, that their hap- 
piness and glory must always be inseparable from his. 

Signed, William Amherst, 

Dy. Adjt. Gen. 

[Copy.] 

Sir: — The Speaker of the Honorable House of Commons 
having transmitted in a letter to my office a resolution of that 
House to gfive their thanks to the officers of the navv and 
army, for the meritorious and eminent services they have done 
to their King and Country during the course of the present 
war, I send you herewith copies of the said letter and reso- 
lution which you will communicate to the officers of the army 
in North America. The good conduct, courage and zeal of 
the officers and soldiers of his majesty's army, so uniformly 
exerted for the glory and honor of this nation, oblige me at 
the same time to express the great satisfaction I feel in com- 
municating this public mark of honor conferred upon them, 
which I beg you will be pleased to signify to the officers and 
soldiers under your command. 

I have the honor to be. Sir, &c. 

William Ellis. 

[Major-General Sir Geoffrv Amherst, &c., &c., &c.] 



^. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1/5 

Copy of a letter from the Right Honorable Sir John Lust, 
Bart., Speaker of the Honorable House of Commons, to His 
Majesty's Secretary at War. Dated the 9th of December, 
1762. 

Sir: — In obedience to an order of the House (of) Com- 
mons, I have the honor of transmitting to you a resolution 
to which they have this day unanimously agreed. It is a 
singular satisfaction to me to receive the commands of the 
House on this occasion and to convey through you, sir, to the 
officers of the army, so honorable a testimony of the 
meritorious and eminent services performed by them for His 
Majesty and this Nation. 

Jo VIS, 9th Die Decembris, 1762. 
Resolved, Nemine Contradecentie — That the thanks of this 
House be given to the officers of the navy and army for the 
meritorious and eminent services which they have done to 
their king and country during the course of the present war, 
and that Mr. Speaker do signify the same by letter to the 
commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral 
of Great Britain, and to His Majesty's Secretary at War. 
[A true copy.] H. Bouquet, Col. 

Fort Pitt, August 18, 1763. G. O. parole, Norfolk. For 
guard, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 60 privates. 
Picket, I captain, i subaltern, sergeant, i corporal, 30 privates. 
Mr. Jossa. Davenport is appointed captain and Mr. Calhune, 
lieutenant of the militia, who are to do duty and be obeyed 
as such. R. O. P'or guard, o subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 
corporals, 22 privates. Picket, i sergeant, i corporal, 11 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 19, 1763. G, O., parole, Athlone. 
For guard, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 60 privates. 
Picket, I captain, 2 subalterns, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 48 



1/6 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

privates. Provision returns to be given to the brigade 
Major signed by the commanding ofificer of each corps in 
which are to be included all the people drawing provisions, 
and underneath to be deducted the rations for the sick and 
wounded, etc., to be drawn by the hospital. The picket consist- 
ing of I captain, 2 subalterns, 2 sergeants, i drummer and 50 
rank and file to parade to-morrow morning at the first signal 
of the drum to go over the Monongehela with a working- 
party of men to bring coals and lime. The floating battery 
to be equipped with patteraroes and two artillery men to go 
in her. The necessary fiats and batteaus, bags and tools to 
be kept ready. The men ordered on this service to take 
provisions with them, as they are not to return till the 
evening. One gun will be fired from the fort as a signal for 
their retreat. The captain of the picket is to receive his 
instructions from the colonel. R. O. For guard 2 sergeants, 
2 corporals, 22 privates. Picket, i sergeant, i corporal, 18 
privates. Some soldiers of the first battalion having very in- 
discreetly applied this day to the Colonel for their discharge, 
he orders it to be said to those who may have a right to it, 
that they must be sensible of the impossibility of discharg- 
ing them at this critical juncture, when the inhabitants them- 
selves must be detained for the defence of this important 
post. But they may be assured that they will not be kept a 
moment longer than the service will absolutely require. And 
as two of the battalions are to be reduced this will be easily 
completed without detaining the soldiers who have served 
out their time. If, after this, any man should be so base as 
to mention again his discharge during this time of danger, 
he must expect to be treated with the just indignation and 
contempt he would incur by a behavior so unbecoming the 
character of a Briton and a Soldier, and so contrary to the 
duty we all owe our King and Country. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. \^^ 

Fort Pitt, August 20, 1763. G. O. parole, Rochford. For 
guard, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, i 
drummer, 60 privates. Picket, i captain, i subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, drummer, 30 privates. R. O. For 
guard, Lieutenant Guy, i sergeant, 2 corporals, i drum- 
mer, 22 privates ; picket, i captain, i sergeant, o drummer, 
II privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 21, 1763. G. O. parole, Coventry. 
For guard, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 
I drummer, 60 privates ; picket, r captain, i subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, i drummer, 30 privates. Weekly returns to 
be given to the Major of Brigade every Sunday, of the garri- 
son, by the corps, including all the persons who draw pro- 
visions ; another of all kinds of provisions in the fort, in- 
cluding grain and cattle ; another of the batteaus and flats, 
etc. All officers, servants and, in general, every person able 
to bear arms, to mount the guards and picket in their turn. 
R. O. : For guard. Lieutenant Donelon, 2 sergeants, 2 cor- 
porals, I drummer, 22 privates ; picket, i sergeant, i corporal, 
o drummer, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 22, 1763. G. O. parole, Suffolk. A 
company of grenadiers and a company of light infantry to 
parade to-morrow morning at 6 o'clock, to take possession 
of Grant's Hill and of the hill ori the Monongahela to cover 
the wood-cutters. Eighty men of the Royal Americans and 
Militia, with axes and their arms, under the command of two 
subalterns, to cut wood for the winter. Those who have no 
axes, to load. The two wagon-masters to have their wagons 
fitted to haul the logs on the glacis. The ship-carpenters 
to go out with the wood-cutters, with their axes. The camp 
to furnish the grass guard. These troops to return in the 
evening when a gun is fired from the fort. Provisions for the 
two companies of the line to be carried to them. For guard. 



1/8 liOUOUET I'APKKS. 

I subaltern, i sergeant, 2 corporals and 36 privates. R. O. 
For guard to-morrow, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 21 privates ; 
for fatigue, Lieutenant Guy, 4 sergeants, 4 corporals and 
46 privates. 

- Fort Pitt, August 23, 1763. G. O. parole, Charlestown, 
A company of grenadiers and a company of light infantry to 
cover the working party to-morrow, to parade at 6 o'clock. 
The same number of Royal Americans and Militia to parade 
to-morrow morning at 6 o'clock, as was to-day, for the work- 
ing party. A man of the mess to be left to receive and cook 
the provisions. No soldier to go into the gardens on any 
account, nor any of the rails to be burnt. R. O. For 
guard to-morrow. Ensign Hutchins, o sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 21 privates ; fatigue. Lieutenant Baillie, 4 sergeants, 
4 corporals, 46 privates. The monthly returns to be given in 
to-morrow. 

Fort Pitt, August 24, 1763. G. O. parole, Birmingham. 
R. O. A court-martial to sit at 4 o'clock this afternoon to 
examine the accounts and vouchers which Lieutenant Phillips 
will lay before them concerning the effects of the late Cap- 
tain Mather, deceased, and to certify the same at the bottom 
of the general account, to be transmitted to his heirs. 

For the above duty Captain Ecuyer, President ; Lieutenant 
Bailey (members). Ensign Price. 

When the men's accounts are balanced, the men to be com- 
pleted with necessaries and the balance paid them to July 
22d, inclusive, which when done the commanding officers of 
companies to report the same to the commanding officer. 
G. O. For guard: i sergeant, i subaltern, 2 corporals, i drum- 
mer, 36 privates the working party of this day. The wagons 
to make four trips in the forenoon and two in the afternoon. 
Only one light infantry company to cover them with 12 men 
from the force. Captain Grant's Light Infantry company to 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 1/9 

be ready for duty to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock. All the 
women ordered down, to be ready to go the 26th in the 
morning with their children. The commanding officer orders 
all the dogs to be sent down with the escort, as those seen 
here afterwards will be killed. The officers, if they choose it, 
may keep one each. R. O. For guard: i sergeant, 2 corporals, 
21 privates. For fatigue. Lieutenant Guy, 4 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 46 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 25, 1763. G. O. parole, Nottingham. 
For guard, i sergeant, i subaltern, 2 corporals, i drummer, 
36 privates, the wood cutting party as this day. The wagons 
to make four trips and then leave off. One light infantry 
company to cover with 12 men from the grass guard. R. O. 
For guard, o sergeant, i subaltern, i corporal, 21 privates; 
for fatigue. Ensign Price: o sergeant, 4 subalterns, 4 cor- 
porals, 46 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 26, 1763. G. O., Blenheim: A detach- 
ment of Royal Americans of 2 subalterns, 2 sergeants, i 
drummer and 50 rank and file to encamp this afternoon in 
the line and march with the troops to-morrow; they will be 
replaced by i captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants and 50 rank 
and file of the 42d and 77th Regiments. A detachment of 2 
lieutenants, i sergeant and 25 men of the militia to march to 
Bedford and return with the first convoy. All the wounded, 
sick or invalids of any of the corps here, which the surgeon 
will judge able to go down, to be inside with the wagons. 
The surgeons or mates of the regiments to march with their 
different corps. All the sick and wounded here to be left 
under the care of mates of the hospital. The remains of the 
42d and 77lh Regiments with the detachment of the 60th and 
of the militia to march to-morrow morning under the com- 
mand of Major Campbell, taking under their escort all the 
wagons and pack-horses. Mr. Clark, Quartermaster of the 



l80 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

6oth, will give this afternoon to the women and children, 
ordered down, the number of the wagons allotted to them and 
do the same for the sick and wounded not able to walk. The 
baggage of the troops to go in the wagons and no pack horses 
to be loaded in going down. The troops and other persons 
going down to be served with bread to the 29th inst., and 
meat to the 2d of September, inclusive, in which will be in- 
cluded some live cattle for the officers, the sick and wounded. 
The salt meat to be served this afternoon and the bread to- 
morrow morning. A return to be given in immediately for 
what ammunition is wanting to be completed — 36 rounds per 
man. R. O. For the above detailment : Lieutenant Carre 
and Donelon, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, i drummer and 48 
privates. The men who are going on detachment to-morrow 
morning that are not yet settled with, to have their ac- 
counts balanced immediately and the balance paid them, also 
eight weeks subsistence to be given to Lieutenant Carre for 
(each) man going on detachment. 

Fort Pitt, August 27, 1763. G. O. parole, Lisbon. R. O. 
For guard. Lieutenant Baillie, i sergeant, i corporal, i drum- 
mer, 20 privates. For picket, 12 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 28, 1763. Parole, Brunswick. For 
guard, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, i drum- 
mer, 15 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, o drummer, 24 privates. No soldier to go 
out of the fort without leave from the commanding officer of 
his company or detachment, who will not grant it without a 
sufficient reason. The sentries are not to suffer anyone to 
pass the gates or sally-ports without a verbal order from an 
officer, as it is probable the savages will soon be skulking 
again about the fort. The officer of the grass guard will keep 
his guard and sentries very alert, that on the first appearance 
of an enemy the cattle may be brought near unto the fort. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 



181 



That officer is not to suffer any person to straggle for plums, 
as they will be in evident danger of being scalped. The gates 
of the fort are not to be opened without an order from the com- 
manding officer, the sally-port toward the Monongahela will be 
opened every day in the following manner : The captain, with 
a sergeant, a corporal and 8 men of his picket will every morn- 
ing at 7 o'clock, if the weather is clear (if not, after the fog 
is gone), open that sally-port and shut it again, then open the 
barrier toward the point of the two rivers, send out a corporal 
and four privates to reconnoitre the banks all round and going 
through come back along the Monongahela to the other bar- 
rier, which, upon their report, will then be opened for the 
cattle to go out ; the first barrier to the west is to be locked 
ao-ain as soon as the corporal and 4 men are out. All horses 
and cows to be kept out of the fort with the King's cattle and 
sent along with the grass guard, to prevent their going into 
the corn-fields. 

R. O. For guard to-night, Ensign Price, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, I drummer, 14 privates. For picket to-night, Captain- 
Lieutenant Phillips, Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, i corporal, 
I drummer, ii privates. For guard to-morrow. Ensign 
Hutchins, i sergeant, 2 corporals, o drummer, 24 privates. 
For picket to-morrow, o sergeant, i corporal, o drummer, 1 1 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 29, 1763. G. O. parole, Portland. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 cor- 
porals, I drummer, 50 privates. For picket, to-night, i captain, 
I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 privates. 
R. O. For the garrison guard to-morrow evening, o captain, 
o subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, o drummer, 15 privates. 
For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, o captain, o sub- 
altern, o sergeant, 2 corporals, o drummer, 9 privates. For 
picket to-morrow night, Captain Ecuyer, Lieutenant Baillie, 



l82 I50UQUET PAPERS. 

o captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, o drummer, ii 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 30, 1763. G. O. parole, Lisbon. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 cor- 
porals, I drummer, 50 privates. For picket, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 privates. The 
commanding officer desires that nobody goes near any person 
that has smallpox, except the doctor and the people attending 
them, who are themselves to be very careful not to go near any 
person that has not had them. R. O. For bullock guard to- 
morrow morning, Lieutenant Baillie, i sergeant, i corporal, 8 
privates. For the garrison guard to-morrow evening, i ser- 
geant, 2 corporals, 15 privates. For picket to-morrow even- 
ing, I sergeant, o corporal, 10 privates. 

Fort Pitt, August 31, 1763. G. O. parole, Pensacola. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 3 cor- 
porals, I drummer, 50 privates. For picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, and 24 
privates. In case of any alarm the troops are immediately to 
repair to the following posts, viz. : Bastions, Ohio, the 42d 
Regiment. 

Grenadier: The grenadier company. Captain Cochran's 
company, Captain Ecuyer's company, of the 60th Regiment. 

Music : Colonel Provost's company, Colonel Bouquet's com- 
pany, Captain Gordon's company, of the 60th Regiment. Flag, 
the 77th Regiment. Monongahela the militia. The reserve 
to be in the area of the fort, which is to consist of the store- 
keeper, contractor, artificers, butcher, baker, bullock and sheep 
drivers. The King's and contractor's clerks, etc., under the 
command of Captain Trent. A list to be given in by corps 
of the names of such persons who have not had the smallpox. 
The garrison to be under arms to-morrow at 7 o'clock. The 
guard to join, leaving the sentries at their posts. N. B. — The 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 183 

redoubt guard and the corporal and six, with the cattle to 
standfast. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morn- 
ing, Ensign Price, i sergeant, i corporal and 8 privates. 
Guard to-morrow evening, i corporal, 1 5 privates. Evening, 
Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, i corporal, 10 privates. After 
orders : A court of inquiry to be. held to-morrow morning at 
10 o'clock. Captain Stewart, President ; Captain Hay and 
Captain Ecuyer, members. The President to wait on the 
commanding officer for his instructions. 

Fort Pitt, September i, 1763. G. O. parole, Colchester. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates. Picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 pri- 
vates. The men to turn out to work at the beating of the 
long roll, and to leave off on the beating of the three ruffs. 
R. O. For guard to-morrow morning, Ensign Hutchins, i 
sergeant, 2 corporals, 9 privates. For guard to-morrow even- 
ing, I sergeant, i corporal, 15 privates. For picket to-mor- 
row evening, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, i corporal, 11 pri- 
vates. 

Fort Pitt, September 2, 1763. G. O. Parole, Kingston. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 3 subalterns, 2 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates. For picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. R. O's. For bullock guard to-morrow morning, i 
sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates. For guard to-morrow even- 
ing. Lieutenant Baillie, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 15 privates. 
For picket to-morrow evening, i corporal, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 3, 1763, G. O. parole, Louisburgh. 
For guard, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, i drum- 
mer, 50 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, i drummer, 24 privates. A court of in- 
quiry to be held immediately to inquire into the effects left 



184 nOUQUET PAPERS. 

by the late Captain Clapham, and to settle his affairs as far 
as it can be done here. Captain Barnsley, President ; Cap- 
tain Trent and Captain Davenport, members. The garrison 
to be under arms to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock. R. O. 
For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 9 privates. For guard to-morrow evening, Ensign Price, 
I corporal, 15 privates. For picket to-morrow evening, Cap- 
tain Ecuyer, Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, i corporal, 11 pri- 
vates. 

Fort Pitt, September 4, 1763. G. O. parole, Kingston. 
For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corpo- 
rals, I drummer, 50 privates. For picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. R. O. For bullock guard to-morrow morning, i 
sergeant, 2 corporals, 9 privates. For guard to-morrow even- 
ing. Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 15 privates. 
For picket to-morrow evening, 11 privates. All the men off 
duty to parade to-morrow morning at 7 o'clock, with their 
arms, in order to cut fascines. No washing to be allowed at 
either of the pumps or wells. The sentry in the area of the 
fort to observe that this order is strictly obeyed. 

P'ort Pitt, September 5, 1763. G. O. parole, Tunbridge. 
For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, i 
drummer, 50 privates. For picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 privates. The 
captain of the picket to visit the hospital every morning, the 
subalterns every afternoon, who are to take notice if the rooms 
are kept clean and the sick and wounded are properly attended. 
The adjutants to visit the barrack rooms once every day to 
see that they are kept clean and in good order, the two adju- 
tants to take this duty week about. One captain, i sub- 
altern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals and 50 men to parade to- 
morrow morning, with their arms, in order to cut fascines. 



S. ECUYEK, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 185 

R. O. For the bullock guaixl to morrow, 2 sergeants, i cor- 
poral, 9 privates. For guard to-morrow evening, i corporal, 
15 privates. For picket to-morrow evening, Ensign Price, i 
sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 privates. 

Port Pitt, September 6, 1763. G. O. Parole, Worches- 
ter. For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corpo- 
rals, I drummer, 50 privates. For picket to-morrow, i captain, 
I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 privates. 
Any person that can give information concerning the effects, 
accounts of debtor, credits or any other thing relating to the 
late Mr. Wm. Clapham, are desired to communicate them to 
the court of inquiry to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock, at Cap- 
tain Barnsley's room. P'or bullock guard to-morrow morning, 
Lieutenant Baillie, i sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates. For 
guard to-morrow evening, i corporal, 15 privates. For picket 
to-morrow evening, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 7, 1763. G. O. Parole, New 
Castle. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 
sergeants, 4 corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket 
to-morrow, i captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i 
drummer, 24 privates. All the men off duty to parade to- 
morrow morning in order to repair the ramparts and clean 
the fort, etc. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow 
morning. Ensign Price, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 9 privates ; for 
guard to-morrow evening, i sergeant, i corporal, 15 privates; 
for picket to-morrow evening, Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, i 
corporal, 11 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 8, 1763. G. O. Parole, Carlisle. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morn- 
ing, Ensign Hutchins, o sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates ; for 
13 



1 86 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

guard to-morrow evening, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 15 privates ; 
for picket to-morrow evening. Captain Ecuyer, o sergeant, i 
corporal, 11 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 9, 1763. G. O. Parole, Gravesend. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 
24 privates. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow 
morning, i sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates ; for guard to- 
morrow evening, Lieutenant BailHe, i corporal, 15 privates; 
for picket to-morrow evening, i corporal, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 10, 1763. G. O. Parole, Killdare. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. The garrison to be under arms to-morrow at 9 
o'clock. A pint of Indian corn to be served out to each man. 
R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, i sergeant, 
2 corporals, 9 privates ; for guard to-morrow evening, Ensign 
Price, I sergeant, i corporal, 1 5 privates ; for picket to- 
morrow evening, Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, o corporal, 1 1 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 11, 1763. Parole, Orkney. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 cor- 
porals, I drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. For Court of Inquiry to be held to-morrow morn- 
ing at 10 o'clock. Captain Stewart, President ; Captain Hay 
(members), Captain-Lieutenant Phillips. 

To inquire into the reasons of the loss of Presque Isle and 
Le Boeuf. Ensign Price and all evidences to attend the 
court. 

His Excellency, Sir Geoffry Amherst, has been pleased to 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 87 

appoint Lieutenant Belnearis, of the Royal Highlanders, Cap- 
tain-Lieutenant and Mr. Robt. Peples, gentleman, to be en- 
sign in the said regiment, who are to be obeyed as such. 

New York, July 19, 1763. — Orders. — His Excellency, the 
Commander-in-Chief, having received from His Majesty's 
Secretary of State, a copy of the Proclamation of Peace, 
thinks proper to make the same known, that it may be duly 
observed. 

Whereas, a definitive treaty of peace and friendship 
between us, the most Christian King, and the King of 
Spain, to which the King of Portugal hath acceded, hath 
been concluded at Paris on the loth day of February last, 
and the ratification thereof have been exchanged on the lOth 
day of this inst. (March). In conformity thereunto we have 
thought fit hereby to command that the same be published 
throughout all our Dominions, and we do declare to all our 
loving subjects our will and pleasure, that the said treaty of 
peace and friendship be observed inviolable as well by sea as 
land, and in all places whatsoever. Strictly charging and com- 
manding all our loving subjects to take notice hereof and 
conform themselves thereunto accordingly. 

The King's pleasure is that the clothing for all regiments 
in America shall be delivered out every year on the 22d day 
of September, being the day of His Majesty's coronation. 
(Signed) Wm. Amherst, 

A djiitant-General. 

R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, 9 privates ; for guard to-morrow evening, 
Ensign Hutchins, sergeant, 2 corporals, 15 privates; for 
picket to-morrow evening, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, l 
sergeant, 11 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 12, 1763. G. O. parole, Jamaica. 



l88 HOUOUET PAPERS. 

For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 ser- 
geants, 4 corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to- 
morrow, I captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i 
drummer, 24 privates. None of the wood now in the fort to 
be used for fire — that is, to be cut upon the glacis. No 
other sick to be returned and exempted of doing duty, but 
such as the surgeons shall return as unfit. The reports of the 
guards, etc., are to be given every morning to the colonel at 
10 o'clock. When anything new occurs he is to be imme- 
diately informed. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow 
morning, i sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates ; for guard to- 
morrow evening, i sergeant, i corporal, 15 privates ; for 
picket to-morrow evening, Lieutenant Baillie, o sergeant, i 
corporal, 11 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 13, 1763. G. O. parole, Tobago. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 .subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morn- 
ing. Lieutenant Baillie, o sergeant, 2 corporals, 9 privates ; 
for guard to-morrow evening, i sergeant, i corporal, 15 pri- 
vates ; for picket to-morrow evening. Captain Ecuyer, o ser- 
geant, I corporal, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 14, 1763. G. O. parole, Halifax. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 pri- 
vates. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, 
Ensign Price, i sergeant, i corporal, 9 privates ; for guard 
to-morrow evening,© sergeant, 2 corporals, 15 privates; for 
picket. Ensign Hutchins, i sergeant, i corporal, 11 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 15, 1763. G. O. parole. Crown Point 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. 1 89 

4 corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, 
captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. At any time that a cannon is fired from the fort all 
parties out are to come in. The grass guard and other parties 
going out of the fort are either to march in file or in a rank 
entire, and the soldiers must keep from three to five paces 
distance between one another. The King's Commissary to 
be present when beeves or sheep are killed, and, if the meat 
does not appear to him fit to be issued, he is to report it to the 
Major of brigade to have it inspected and regularly con- 
demned. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, 
Ensign Hut chins, i sergeant, i corporal, 12 privates ; for 
guard to-morrow evening, o sergeant, i corporal, 12 privates ; 
for picket to-morrow evening, o sergeant, i corporal, 11 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 16, 1763. G. O. parole, Leeds. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, i drummer, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, i drummer, 24 
privates. R. O. For the bullock guard to-morrow morning, 
2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 12 privates ; for guard to-morrow 
evening. Lieutenant Baillie, o sergeant, i corporal, 12 privates ; 
for picket, Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, i sergeant, o cor- 
poral, 1 1 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 17, 1763. G. O. parole, Guernsey. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. The captains or 
officers who pay companies are from this day, inclusive, to 
keep into their hands four shillings. New York currency, per 
week from the pay of every sergeant, corporal, drummer and 
soldier, and will account for the same to their men when they 
receive orders for that purpose ; and they are in the mean- 



190 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

time to pay them only the remaining part of their subsistence, 
in money or in such necessaries as they may want ; this 
order to be observed by the detachment of Royal Artillery 
and all the regular troops in this department. The garrison 
to be under arms to-morrow morning at lo o'clock. The 
Artificers and men attending them are not to parade. 
R, O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, o ser- 
geant, I corporal, o drummer, 1 1 privates ; for picket to- 
morrow, I captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, o corporal, o 
drummer, 6 privates ; for bullock guard. Lieutenant Calhoun, 

subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, o drummer, 6 privates ; 
Captain Trent for picket. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, September i8, 1763. Parole, Quebec. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 ser- 
geants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. All the 
men off duty to go out to cut the tops and leaves of corn as 
soon as the fog hath cleared up. The picket to cover them. 
R. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, 11 privates; for picket to-morrow. Lieu- 
tenant Fleming, o captain, i subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 
6 privates ; for bullock guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, 

1 sergeant, i corporal, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Monday, September 19, 1763. Parole, Ber- 
mudas. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 5 ser- 
geants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. O. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, o cor- 
poral, 1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow. Captain Davenport, 
o subaltern, i sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates; for bullock 
guard to-morrow morning. Lieutenant Fleming, i sergeant, o 
corporal, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, September 20, 1763. G. O. parole. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. I9I 

William sburgh. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 
3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. The 
men off duty to parade to-morrow morning for work to finish 
the drains and to level the barrack yard. R. O. For guard 
to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 
privates ; for picket to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o ser- 
geant, o corporal, 6 privates ; for the bullock guard to-morrow. 
Lieutenant Calhoun, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 21, 1763. G. O. parole, Goree. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. O. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 
1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow. Captain Trent, o subaltern, 
o sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates ; for bullock guard, o captain, 

subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 22, 1763. G. O. parole, Oswego. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. O. For 
guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 
1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow. Lieutenant Calhoun, i 
subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 6 privates ; for bullock 
guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, o cor- 
poral, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, September 23, 1763. G. O. parole, 
Charlestown. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 
3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. 
O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, 

1 corporal, 1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow, o captain, o sub- 



192 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

altern, i sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates ; for bullock guard 
to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 6 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, Saturday, September 24, 1763. G. O. parole, 
Piedmont. P'or guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 
sergeants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. No 
parade to-morrow morning. One pint of Indian corn to be 
given to each man to-morrow. The monthly return to be 
given to-morrow at orderly time. R. O. For guard to- 
morrow, o captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 
privates ; for picket to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o ser- 
geant, o corporal, 6 privates ; for bullock guard, Lieutenant 
Calhoun, o subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, September 25, 1763. G. O. parole, 
Louisburgh. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 2 subalterns, 3 
sergeants, 4 corporals, 50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. For 
work to-morrow morning at half after seven, i officer, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, 30 men of the garrison, who are to work 
four hours and to be relieved in the afternoon by the same 
number, who are to work from half-past one to half-past five. 
The subaltern of the picket takes the command of the workmg 
party. The grass guard are to take their dinners with them, 
and no man to be allowed to carry them provision. R. O. 
For guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, o 
corporal, 11 privates; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, o sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates. Captain Trent and 
Lieutenant Fleming for picket. 

Fort Pitt, September 26, 1763. G. O. parole, Montreal. 
For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 
50 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i subaltern, 
I sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. O. For guard to- 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. I93 

morrow, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, ii privates; for 
picket to-morrow, Lieutenant Fleming, i subaltern, i sergeant, 
I corporal, 6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, September 27, 1763. G. O. parole, Norwich. 
For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 corporals, 
50 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i 
corporal, 24 privates. For work, 30 privates. 

A court of enquiry, of Captain Stewart, Captain Hay and 
Captain-Lieutenant Phillips, is to sit to-morrow morning at 
10 o'clock, to examine into the cause of the deficiency of 16,308 
lbs. of flour, discovered in the King's store at this post in July 
last ; the commissary to attend, and such persons who can give 
any information to the court. 

R. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 1 1 privates. For picket, i captain, 6 privates. Bullock 
guard, I corporal, 6 privates. Working party, 7 privates. For 
guard to-morrow. Lieutenant Calhoun and Captain Davenport. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, September 28, 1763. G. O. parole, 
Poole. For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 50 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i 
sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. R. O. For guard, 1 1 privates. 
Bullock guard, 6 privates. For picket, i sergeant, 6 privates. 
Working party, 7 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Thursday, September 29, 1763. G. O. parole, 
Minden. For guard to-morrow, 2 subalterns, 3 sergeants, 4 
corporals, 50 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i 
sergeant, i corporal, 24 privates. The commanding officer 
orders that the sergeants, drummers, corporals and soldiers 
receive their subsistence as it was usual before his orders of 
the 17th inst., and the four shillings New York currency 
stopped from their pay in consequence of the said order be 
made good to them. An express will be dispatched to-mor- 
row for Detroit, the ist of October another for Philadelphia. 



194 150UOUET PAPERS. 

The letters to be sent to the Major of Brigade. R. O. For 
guard to-morrow, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 pri- 
vates. Bullock guard, 6 privates. For picket, i captain, 6 
privates. Working party, 7 privates. Lieutenant Fleming 
for guard, Lieutenant Calhoun for picket. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, September 30, 1763. Parole, Torbay. 
For guard to-morrow, i captain, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 
corporals, 44 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i 
subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 21 privates. R. O. For 
guard to-morrow : o captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, II privates; bullock guard, o captain, o subaltern, o 
sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, 6 privates; working party, o 
captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, 7 privates.' 

Fort Pitt, October i, 1763. Parole, New Castle. G. O. 
F'or guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 
corporals, 44 privates ; for picket, i captain, i subaltern, i 
sergeant, 21 privates. The men to be served with a pint of 
corn each to-morrow. R. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, 
I subaltern, o sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 privates ; for picket to- 
morrow, I captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, 6 pri- 
vates ; for bullock guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o 
sergeant, o corporal, 5 privates. Lieutenant Calhune for 
guard. Captain Davenport for picket. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, October 2, 1763. G. O. parole, Eaton. 
For guard to-morrow, captain, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 
corporals, 44 privates; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i 
subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 21 privates. R. O. For 
guard, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, o corporal, 1 1 pri- 
vates; bullock guard, i sergeant, o corporal, 5 privates; for 
picket, I subaltern, o corporal, 6 privates ; working party, o 
sergeant, o corporal, 7 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Monday, October 3, 1763. G. O. parole. Car- 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, 1 763. IQS 

digan. For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, 2 ser- 
geants, 3 corporals, 44 privates; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 21 privates. R. 
O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, i 
corporal, 11 privates; bullock guard, o captain, o subaltern, 
o sergeant, i corporal, 5 privates; for picket to-morrow, o 
captain, i subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates ; work- 
ing party, o captain, subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, 7 
privates. Lieutenant McKee with a sergeant, a corporal and 
30 men, to go to Mr. Croghan's plantation to-morrow morning 
at 8 o'clock, who are to take a batteau with them in order to 
bring down staves for casks, etc. Any person having claims 
against the Crown to deliver their accounts forthwith to the 
Major of brigade, with the vouchers, that they may be settled 
and transmitted to the General. The grass guard to report 
to the officer of the main guard, who is (to) include it in his 
report to the commanding officers. R. O. For guard, o cap- 
tain, o subaltern, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 10 privates ; body 
guard, I sergeant, i corporal, 4 privates; for picket, o cap- 
tain, I subaltern, i sergeant, o corporal, 5 privates ; working 
party, o sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates. Lieutenant Cal- 
hune for picket to-morrow. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, October 4, 1763. Parole, Embden. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, 21 privates. R. O. For guard, 
I sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 privates ; for picket, i captain, i 
corporal, 5 privates ; bullock guard 4, working party, 7 pri- 
vates. Captain Trent for picket to-morrow. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, October 5, 1763. Parole, St. 
Domingo. G. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 ser- 
geants, 3 corporals, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, 
I captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. 



196 BOUQUET PAPERS. 

R. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, i corporal, 11 
privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sergeant, 5 
privates ; bullock guard, 4 privates ; working party, 7 privates. 
Captain Davenport for picket to-morrow and Lieutenant 
Calhune for guard. 

Fort Pitt, Thursday, October 6, 1763. Parole, China. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 
corporals, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, 
I subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. The chim- 
neys of the garrison to be swept very clean as soon as pos- 
sible. The rooms of the garrison to be completed to twenty 
men per room. R. O. For guard to-morrow, i sergeant, 
I corporal, 1 1 privates ; bullock guard, i sergeant, 4 pri- 
vates ; for picket to-morrow, 5 privates ; working party, 7 
privates. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, October 7, 1763. Parole, Epsom. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 cor- 
porals, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i sub- 
altern, I sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. One of the bales 
of skins lying on the rampart hath been cut open, and several 
stolen. Whosoever shall be found guilty of that crime will 
be punished with the greatest rigor. The corporal of the 
redoubt guard is not to suffer, at his peril, any man of 
his post, or any other (person), except the Grenadier 
Frazier, to take any turnips. R. O. For guard to-morrow, 
I sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
sergeant, 5 privates ; bullock guard to-morrow, i corporal, 
4 privates ; working party to-morrow, 7 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Saturday, October 8, 1763. Parole, Rumney. G. O. 
For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 corporals, 
40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i subaltern, i 
sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. R. O. For guard to-morrow, 
I .sergeant, i corporal, 1 1 privates ; for picket to-morrow, 
I captain, i sergeant, i corporal, 5 privates ; bullock guard. 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. I97 

4 privates ; working party, 7 privates ; Captain Trent for 
picket to-morrow. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday, October 9, 1763. Parole, Saltash. G. 
O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 corporals, 
40 privates. For picket to-morrow, i captain, i subaltern, i 
sergeant, r corporal, 20 privates. 

The people that live in the huts are not to allow any fire 
to be made in them and they are to be cleaned all round and 
the dirt wheeled away into the large ditch on the outside of the 
fort. No ashes or dirt to be thrown into the area of the fort, 
but to be carried to fill up the holes on the Grenadier bastion. 
R. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, i corporal, 10 privates. 
Bullock guard, 4 privates. For picket to-morrow, i captain, 

5 privates. Working party, 6 privates. Captain Davenport 
for picket and Lieutenant Calhoun for guard. 

P^ort Pitt, Monday, October 10, 1763. Parole, Rochester. 
G. Os. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 3 sergeants, 4 cor- 
porals, 40 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i ser- 
geant, I corporal, 20 privates. R. O. For guard to-morrow, 
I sergeant, 10 privates. Bullock guard, i sergeant, 4 privates. 
For picket, i subaltern, i corporal, 5 privates. Working party, 

6 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Tuesday, October 11, 1763. Parole, Funday. G. 
O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 corporals, 
40 privates. For picket, i captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, 
I corporal, 20 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Wednesday, October 12, 1763. Parole, Cornwell. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, 2 ser- 
geants, 3 corporals, 40 privates; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. 
R. O. For guard, o captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 
10 privates ; bullock guard, o captain, o subaltern, i sergeant, 
o corporal, 4 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, o 
subaltern, sergeant, 5 privates ; working party, o captain. 



198 BOUQUET PAF^ERS. 

o subaltern, sergeant, o corporal, 6 privates. Captain Trent 
for picket, Lieutenant Fleming for guard. 

Fort Pitt, Thursday, October 13, 1763. Parole, Torbay. 
G. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, 2 ser- 
geants, 3 corporals, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i 
captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates ; for 
work to-morrow, o captain, o subaltern, o sergeant, o corporal, 
26 privates. R. O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, o sub- 
altern, I sergeant, o corporal, 10 privates; bullock guard, o 
sergeant, o corporal, 4 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i cap- 
tain, I sergeant, 5 privates ; working party, o sergeant, o cor- 
poral, 6 privates. Captain Davenport for picket. 

Fort Pitt, Friday, October 14, 1763. Parole, Andover. G. 
O. For guard to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 
3 corporals, 40 privates ; for picket to-morrow, i captain, i 
subaltern, i sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates. R. O. For guard 
to-morrow : captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, 2 corporals, 10 
privates ; bullock guard, o sergeant, o corporal, 4 privates ; 
for picket to-morrow, o captain, i subaltern, o sergeant, 
corporal, 5 privates ; working party, o sergeant, o corporal, 
6 privates. Lieutenant Calhune for guard, and Lieutenant 
Fleming for picket. 

F'ort Pitt, Saturday, October 15, 1763. Parole . G. 

O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 3 cor- 
porals, 40 privates ; for picket, i subaltern, i sergeant, i cor- 
poral, 20 privates. The guards to be relieved every morning 
at long roll beating. The garrison to be under arms to-mor- 
row forenoon, if the weather permit, in order to fire three 
rounds per man at a mark. Each corps to provide them- 
selves a target. R. O. For guard to-morrow, i sergeant, i 
corporal, 10 privates ; for bullock guard, 4 privates ; for 
picket, 5 privates. 

Fort Pitt, Sunday October 16, 17&3. Parole, Bridge- 
water. G. O. For guard to-morrow, i subaltern, 2 sergeants, 



S. ECUYER, COMMANDANT AT FORT PITT, I763. 199 

3 corporals, 40 privates ; for picket, i captain, i subaltern, 
I sergeant, i corporal, 20 privates ; for work, i captain, i 
subaltern, 2 sergeants, 60 privates, R. F. 

The batteaus and flats necessary to bring coals and the 
bags with strings to be ready to-day; the floating battery 
likewise. A party of i captain, i lieutenant, 3 sergeants 
and 60 rank and file to go to-morrow at 9 o'clock, over the 
Monongahela for coals. For that party Captain Trent and 
the subaltern of the picket. The detachment of Royal Artil- 
lery are to furnish their proportion to lay in fuel for the winter. 
Nobody is to go out of the fort while the above party and the 
grass guard are out. Captain Hay will give orders to the 
gunsmith of the Royal Artillery to repair the arms of the gar- 
rison and to begin to-morrow. R. O. For guard, 10 privates ; 
for picket, i captain, i subaltern, i sergeant, 5 privates. 

Fort Pitt, October 17, 1763. Parole, . The detach- 
ment under the command of Captain Stewart to march as 
soon as possible after the following manner: Major Field 
and his rangers to march where the service most requires. 
Captain Stewart and two subalterns to march in the front with 
the first division of regulars; Major Trent, with the garrison 
of militia, to march in the rear of the first division. The pack 
and baggage horses next to them ; Captain Ecuyer and two 
subalterns with the second division of regulars to march in 
the rear. Ensign Hutchins is to do adjutant's duty, and all 
orders received from him are to be obeyed. A return of 
the number of wounded men to be given in immediately to 
the adjutant by Doctor Boyd, that a sufficient number of 
horses may be applied for to Captain Ourry, to carry them on. 
The detachment to march to-morrow at daybreak. 

The men to be completed with ammunition and provisions 
this afternoon. The horses for the sick to be received to- 
morrow morning, immediately before the detachment marches. 
Mr. Prather will deliver a driver with every six horses. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL 0'HARA/== 



The O' Haras are an ancient Milesian family, settled in 
County Mayo, in the West of Ireland. The first mention of 
the family was in 1348. Bishop Murcherd MacMael Moi. 
1396, a Bishop of the same diocese. 1409, Bishop Bryan 
O'Hara. 1485, Archbishop O'Hara. General Sir Charles 
O'Hara in 1706 was created a baron and took his title from 
the castle and demesne of Tyrawley, in County Mayo. His son, 
General Sir James O'Hara, whose first title was conferred 
during the life of his father for military services during Queen 
Anne's reign, was also from the demesne of Kilmaine in that 
part of Ireland. This district is still wild and savage, the roads 
are few and almost impassable for ordinary carriages. The 
O'Haras spread from thence to other parts of Ireland, viz., 
Tyrone, Donegal, Antrim, etc. James O'Hara had always 
hanging in the hall of his house the coat-of-arms of the barony 
of Tyrawley, in recognition of his descent from the ancestors 
of the barons of the O'Hara family of County Mayo — vert 
on a pale radiant or, a lion rampant sable. James O'Hara, 
afterward General O'Hara, emigrated to America about 1772, 
landed in Philadelphia, and after a short residence there wan- 
dered to Western Virginia, where he was engaged as Indian 
trader by a Philadelphia firm. From December, 1773, to 
March, 1774, he was in the service of Devereux Smith and 

* Compiled from books and documents collected by William M. Dar- 
lington, and letters now in the possession of Mrs. Mc Knight and Miss 
Matilda W. Denny. M. C. Darlington. 

(200) 




MRS. MARY O'HARA. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 201 

Ephraim Douglas, of Pittsburgh, as Indian trader at Kus- 
kusky, an Indian town, near the junction of the Mahoning and 
Shenango rivers, in what is now Lawrence County, Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The accounts of the trades with the Indians are kept in 
bucks', does' and fawns' skins. Here is a sample of some of 
the entries : 

"Captain Pipe's account, Pea-meet-chease, lives over the 
creek : Captain Pipe promises to pay this account if the other 
would not. Deer skins received of his wife, los; i buckskin, 
paid Joseph is. Deer skins got of Mamalteas, 6s id. Re- 
mainder of raccoon and foxes got at his camp. Account 
with the white woman who lives in the smith's shop, D"^- Gap- 
tain Pipe's brother-in-law. D""- The little Muncy man who 
hd^ the gun at the Muncy town, i pint powder." 

After March, 1774, James O'Hara was government agent 
among the Indians until the commencement of the Revolution. 
Having been three years ensign in the British army, in the 
Coldstream Guards, he was thought capable of commanding a 
company. He raised and equipped a company of volunteers. 
The equipment of soldiers at that time was their usual dress, 
hunting shirt, buckskin breeches and the rifle which always 
hung on the wall ready for use. The equipment supplied them 
would be little more than ammunition ; but in this case boats 
were supplied, which carried besides the company of volunteers 
such articles as were of use in trading with the Indians. The 
fort at Canhawa, now Kanawha, to which they were sent, was 
erected by the State of Virginia, and was protected and pro- 
visioned by the efforts of Captain O'Hara's company until 
1779. It had escaped the perspicacity of the Virginia states- 
men that the sources of the Indian devastations were Detroit, 
Vincennes and Kaskaskia, then in possession of the British. 
Major George Rogers Clark represented that if these posts 
14 



202 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HAKA. 

were reduced, a counter-influence would be established over 
the Indians. 

In December, 1777, Major Clark submitted to the executive 
of Virginia a plan for the reduction of these posts. January 2, 
1778, he received orders from Patrick Henry, to raise seven 
companies of soldiers, to consist of fifty men, officered in the 
usual manner and armed properly, and with this force to 
attack the British posts at Kaskaskia. He set out as soon as 
possible on the enterprise. On arriving at the Kanawha River, 
he was joined by Captain O'Hara's company, then on its way 
to the Ozark. General Clark was successful and took posses- 
sion of the town of Kaskaskia, which was situated on the 
river of that name, seven miles from its junction with the 
Mississippi. Also Vincennes on the Wabash River. This 
fort was called by the English Fort Sackville. The name 
Vincennes was derived from Francois Morgan de Vincennes, 
who was commandant at the post in 1735. The march to 
Vincennes was long, the season inclement, the road passed 
through an untrodden wilderness. He could only muster one 
hundred and thirty men; but inspiring this handful with his 
own heroic spirit, he resolved to strike the enemy in the cita- 
del of his strength. For days his route lay through the 
drowned lands of Illinois. One plain, called Horse-shoe Plain, 
about four miles long, was covered with water breast-high. 
The men, holding their rifles above their heads, plunged in 
among the floating ice and reached the high land beyond 
safely. In a few days after the surrender an amazing number 
of savages flocked into the towns to treat for peace, and soon 
the enlisted companies returned to their former stations. The 
inhabitants were mostly French. Speaking French with flu- 
ency and understanding some of the Indian dialects, Captain 
O'Hara must have been of great service to General Clark. 
Letters from General Clark show the strong friendship be- 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 203 

tvveen them for many years after. In 1779, Captain O'Hara's 
company, having had the greater part of the soldiers killed by 
the Indians while hunting about Canhawa and other parts of 
the country, was reduced to twenty-nine, which was too small 
a garrison to answer any purpose, or protect the inhabitants 
living in the vicinity of that post. The fort was evacuated 
and the garrison, cattle and horses removed to Pittsburgh. 
The few men surviving were annexed to the Ninth Virginia 
Regiment, by General Brodhead, December 13, 1779. Captain 
O'Hara was sent to headquarters with letters from General 
Brodhead to General Washington, and to James Wilkinson, 
asking for a supply of clothing for the soldiers. Captain 
O'Hara was then made commissary for the General Hospital, 
and stationed at Carlisle. The following letter was written 
by Captain O'Hara to Devereux Smith, Esq. : 

Pittsburgh, April 8, 1777. 
Dear Sir:— I arrived here yesterday from the Indian country 
and must say that I have great reason to suspect that num- 
bers of the savages are determined to annoy our frontier as 
much as they dare. On the 2d day of this month, as I was 
preparing to start with my horses from the Moravian town, 
there were three runners arrived from Tuscarawas, about thir- 
teen short miles off, with intelligence that there were a party 
of eighteen, consisting of fifteen Mingoes, two Shawnees and 
one Wiandot at that place, on their way to war, and that they 
intended to come for the ministers and other white people 
who live with the Moravians, upon which all the white people 
of the upper town fled that night to the principal Delaware 
town; however I stayed till next morning and got two of the 
Moravian Indians to go meet the warriors and find out, if pos- 
sible, what they intended to do. We got for answer that they 
looked on themselves as free men, that they had no king nor 



204 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 

chief, therefore would do as they pleased, and that in the first 
place they would visit the neighborhood of Fort Pitt ; they 
then set off from Tuscarawas, and as I knew that I certainly 
must have fallen in with them, if following my course. I 
thought best to send my horses by the Delawares and came 
home, myself and man, by way of the Mingoes' town on the 
Ohio. I was informed by good authority, that a party of 
sixty-four, who had gone some time ago to the Kentucky, 
have returned to Pluggin's town, they have brought only one 
prisoner, and have lost a Shawnee man ; they have again held 
a council of war, and seventy have turned out to visit the Big 
River. The Muncies have in general turned off from the 
Delawares, and are much inclined to listen to the Mingoes. 
The Shawnees are divided, about one half of them have joined 
the Mingoes, the Wiandots seem more inclined for peace. 

I have nothing further material to communicate at present 
but that I have lost one of your buckles. Please make my 
best compliments to Mrs. Smith, and Miss Polly, and the rest 
of your family. 

I am, sir, your humble servant, 

James O'Hara. 

The following account was written by John Heckwelder, 
the Moravian : On seeing the death of General O'Hara an- 
nounced in the public papers, the following occurrence, 
respecting him, was brought to my recollection : 

Some time after the commencement of the revolutionary 
war, when the northern Indians were beginning to make in- 
roads on the people living on the east side of the Ohio River, 
this gentleman, having come out the upper Moravian town 
on the Muskingum, on business, and there taken lodgings 
with a respectable and decent family of Indians in the village, 
I had one evening scarcely laid down to sleep, when I was 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O KARA. 20$ 

suddenly roused from my bed by an Indian runner (or mes- 
senger), who in the night had been sent to me nine miles, 
with the following verbal message : 

"My friend : See that our friend O'Hara, now at your town, 
be immediately taken off to the settlement of the white people, 
avoiding all paths leading to that river. Fail not in taking my 
advice, for there is no time to lose, and hear my son further 
on the subject." 

The fact was, that eleven warriors from Sandusky were far 
advanced on their way to take or murder O'Hara, who at 
break of day would be at this place for the purpose. I im- 
mediately sent for this gentleman and told him that I would 
furnish him with a conductor, on whom he might depend, and 
having sent for Anthony (otherwise called Luke Holland), 
informed him of the circumstances, and requested his services. 
He (the Indian) first wished to know, whether my friend placed 
confidence in him and trusted to his fidelity, which question 
being answered by O'Hara himself, and to his full satisfac- 
tion, he replied : " Well, our lives cannot be separated ! We 
must stand or fall together ! But take courage, for no enemy 
shall discover us!" The Indian then took Mr. O'Hara 
through the woods, and arriving within a short distance of 
the Ohio River, pointed out to him a hiding place, until he, by 
strolling up and down the river, should discover white people 
on the opposite shore ; when finally observing a house, where 
two white men were cleaning out a canoe for use, he hurried 
back to bring on his friend, who, when near the spot, advised 
his Indian conductor to hide himself, knowing those people to 
be bad men, he feared they might kill him for his services. 
The Indian finally seeing his friend safe across the river, 
returned and made report thereof. 

The young Indian, who had been the bearer of the message 
from his father to me, had immediately returned on seeing 



206 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 

O'Hara off, in order to play a further deception on the war 
party, for the purpose of preventing them even from going- to 
our town, fearing, that if there, and not finding their object, 
they might probably hunt up his track, and finding this, pur- 
sue him. He indeed effected his purpose so completely, that 
while they were looking for him in one direction, his conduc- 
tor was taking, him off in another. The father of the young 
lad, who was the principal cause that O'Hara's life had been 
saved, had long been admired by all who knew him for his 
philanthropy, on account of which the traders had given him 
the name of "The Gentleman." Otherwise this Indian was 
not in connection with the Christian Indian Society, though 
a friend to them. He lived with his family retired and in a 
decent manner. While I feel a delight in offering to the 
relatives and friends of the deceased this true and faithful 
picture of Indian fidelity, I regret that on necessarily having 
had to recur to the names "Anthony" and "Luke Holland," 
I am drawn from scenes of pleasure to crimes of the blackest 
hue. The very Indian just named, who at that time joyfully 
reported to me his having conducted his friend out of danger 
to a place of safety, some years after approached me with the 
doleful news that every one of his children (all minors) to- 
gether with his hoary-headed parents, had been murdered by 
the white people at Gnadenhutten on the Muskingum. 

John Heckwelder. 

1780, Captain O'Hara was appointed Commissary of the 
General Hospital and was stationed at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 

1 78 1, he received the appointment of Assistant Quarter- 
master. 

The winter of 1779 and '80 set in with unusual severity. 
Supplies for the troops could not be supplied in sufficient 
quantities, all the channels of transportation were closed. 
But the most serious cause of distress was the derangement 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 207 

of the currency, which left Congress almost without power to 
assist the commissary department. The distress consequent 
thereto caused the revolt of the Pennsylvania Hne in 1781. 
After that trouble was ended, General Greene was put in 
command in the Southern army and Wayne was ordered to 

join it. 

Captain O'Hara, Assistant Quartermaster, used every means 
to provide for the campaign. Warehouses were rented in 
Carlisle and Philadelphia for the storing of provisions and 
means of transportation procured. Of the history of his 
efforts for this purpose there remains now in the possession 
of his descendants but one small memorandum book ; in that 
can be traced his journey with the army, and a record of pro- 
visions procured by himself and his assistant, Mr. Elliot. 
Names of places are given which correspond with the most 
noted places of the Southern campaign. Charleston and al- 
most all of South Carolina had been conquered by Lord Corn- 
wallis. The British army was preparing for an invasion of 
North Carolina. An engagement between Tarleton and 
Morgan took place at the Cowpens, January 17, 1781. The 
British were defeated. Tarleton marched through North 
Carolina to the banks of the Dan, where there was another 
engagement. From there the British army pursued Morgan 
and crossed the Yadkin. General Greene made his escape 
from North Carolina. Cornwallis returned to Hillsborough ; 
General Greene receiving intelligence of this again crossed 
the Dan and returned to North CaroHna. From want of pro- 
visions the British retired. Greene advanced, crossed the 
Haw, and posted himself between Troublesome creek and 
Reedy Fork. 

On the 15th of March began the battle of Guilford Court 
House. It was one of the severest of the war. Although 
the Americans were repulsed and the British remained mas- 
ters of the field,' they were too much shattered to follow up 



208 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF (iENEKAL o'hARA. 

the victory. General Greene retreated to Reedy Fork creek. 
After this General Greene re-entered South Carolina and 
attacked Lord Rawdon at Camden ; he was defeated, and 
retreating crossed the Wateree and took a strong position for 
offensive and defensive operations. At Eutaw Springs was the 
next battle. Both sides claimed the victory. It was the last 
battle of any note which took place in South Carolina. 

These and other places are mentioned in this memorandum 
book, showing that active personal attention was given to his 
duties in his department. He continued with the army until 
July, 1783, when having seen the last of the Pennsylvania troops 
embarked on board the transport, he travelled himself to 
Philadelphia with General Wayne, After settling the affairs 
of his office he returned to Pittsburgh, accompanied by his 
newly-wedded wife in a wagon, the only means of transport. 
She was Mary, the daughter of a Scottish gentleman, William 
Carson ; although the house that received her was only built 
of logs, she took with her all the luxuries that could be trans- 
ported. The carpets astonished the western country people. 
They expressed their astonishment that Mrs. O'Hara should 
spread coverlets on the floor, and hesitated to walk on them. 
The house stood near the Allegheny River, above Fort Pitt, 
in what was called the officers' orchard. 

By the Act of Congress, passed April 13, 1782, "All officers 
in the late General Hospitals, who were inhabitants of or 
belonged to this State at the time of entering into service, 
and who became supernumerary by the arrangement of Octo- 
ber, 1780, or resigned before loth April, 1780, and were not 
otherwise provided for by law, are entitled to the depreciation 
of their pay. I am, therefore, of opinion, that Mr. O'Hara is 
within the meaning of the Act, and that the account is 
properly passed." 

Wm. Bradford, Jun. 

Philadelphia, Sept. 10, 1786. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 209 

When peace was concluded with Great Britain, a portion of 
their Indian auxiliaries refused to bury the hatchet, but con- 
tinued their depredations upon the settlements bordering on 
the Ohio. From 1783 to 1790, it was estimated that fifteen 
hundred men, women and children had been slain or taken 
captive by the Indians. 

Captain O'Hara took the contract for furnishing provisions 
for the Western army, then under the command of General 
Harmar. 

Philadelphia, August 28, 1784. 
Captain James O'Hara. 

Sir: — Your having assisted the Continental Commissioners 
in procuring the Indian goods so much to their satisfaction, 
has induced the Indian Commissioners on the part of this 
State to request your assistance in obtaining and safe-packing 
the goods to be provided by them. Enclosed you have a list 
of such as are wanted, and must beg you will lose no time in 
furnishing the several articles therein specified, in order that 
they may be sent, if possible, with the goods of the continent. 
The list should have been furnished sooner had we been sooner 
authorized. The Treaty at Fort Stanwix will be held the 
20th of September next, so that it will require your utmost 
exertions, as many of the articles must be made here. A 
second treaty will be held at Cuyahoga, on the bank of Lake 
Erie on the 20th of November next, so that the articles in the 
list No. I will be equally divided, theone-half only immedi- 
ately for the first treaty, by which means you will have sufficient 
time to make up such articles as shall be required for the 
second. As the State means to convince the natives that 
she can and will furnish the best assortment of goods, we 
must beg you will be careful to answer her good intentions in 
these particulars. Sundry little articles, agreeable to list No. 2, 



210 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 

will be wanted for the accommodation of the Commissioners, 
who beg you will give yourself the additional trouble of furn- 
ishing the same, and having them carefully put up, marked, 
and sent on with the goods. When they are ready to be 
shipped you will be pleased to call upon Captain Joseph Stiles, 
the keeper of the magazine, who will deliver you ten cjuarter 
casks of powder for the first treaty, ten other quarter casks 
will be ready for the second, and likewise delivered you. 
We are, sir, your humble servants, 

Samuel Atlee, 
Francis Johnston. 
P. S. — Captain Stiles will also furnish you with three horse- 
man's and one soldier's tent. 

Another letter of the same purport was written to Captain 
James O'Hara, by Francis Johnston, Commissioner, and Colo- 
nel Josiah Harmar. 

Fort McIntosh,* February 15, 1785. 
Si J': — On the 21st of December I proceeded from Fort Pitt 
with five men for this post in a large boat, heavy laden with 
flour, rum, soap, candles, plank, etc., for the use of the troops 
under your command, and that night was driven on a fish 
dam by the ice, where we stuck fast until the night of the 
22d, when, after our broadside was beat in, and no prospect 
of relief, two of the men nearly frozen to death, we were 
obliged to cast over-board twelve thousand weight of flour, 
five hundred weight of bread and biscuit, with a considerable 
quantity of other vegetables were lost, yet we did not get to 
shore till the 23d, and then in that distressed condition which 
the melancholy situation of Corporal Shaw (now present) 
evinces. 

* Beaver. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 211 

As these losses of provision may probably be considered 
under the fifth article of my contract with the Secretary in 
the War Office, and you being acquainted with the circum- 
stances, I shall esteem it a particular favor if you will please 
to furnish me with the necessary certificate thereof, and oblige, 
Sir, your most humble servant, 

James O'Hara. 

I do hereby certify that the above statement of facts rela- 
tive to the loss of the contractor's boat and cargo is just and 
true, agreeable to the best information that can be collected. 
Given under my hand at Fort Mcintosh, Feb. i6, 1785. 

JosiAH Harmar, 

Lt.-Col. Com. \st Am. Reg. 

The contract made by Captain O'Hara included provision- 
ing and clothing the armies then in the field, and supplying 
the forts, Oswego, Niagara, Presqu'isle, Fort le Boeuf, Green- 
ville, Washington, Fort Wayne, Fort Mcintosh, Defiance, 
Detroit, Michillimacknac, Franklin, Miamis, Massac, Chicka- 
saw Bluffs, Knox, Rapids of Ohio, Hamilton, Kaskaskias, 
Natchez, etc. To understand the difficulty of this under- 
taking, it must be remembered that this war was against the 
Indians, the most ruthless of enemies, assisted by the lately- 
conquered British army and American Tories, and that during 
this time occurred the disastrous defeats of Generals Harmar 
and St. Clair. General O'Hara was not only contractor for 
furnishing all necessaries for these armies, but he was also 
appointed to act as Quartermaster and Treasurer for payments 
to the soldiers pro tem. His accounts were kept with the 
utmost exactness, as will be proven by the following certificate : 



212 sketch of the life of general o hara. 

Treasury Department, 
Register's Office, March 6, 1792. 
These are to certify that James O'Hara, Esq., late Con- 
tractor for supplying the army with Provisions, and who occa- 
sionally acted as Quartermaster of the troops and agent for 
the supply of Indian goods, is not charged with any moneys on 
the treasury books. That he has from time to time settled 
his accounts in a regular manner at the Treasury, and has 
given general satisfaction to the Treasury officers with whom 
he settled said account. 

(Signed) Joseph Nourse, 

Register. 

War Department, May 21, 1792. 
Sir: — I have the honor to transmit you, enclosed, your 
commission as Quartermaster-General of the Army of the 
United States. 

The Secretary of War requests that you will please to pur- 
chase a bat-horse* for Brigadier-General Putnam, who is 
about setting out for Fort Washingtonf on special business. 
The horse will be left at Pittsburgh, under care of Major Craig, 
subject to your order ; a saddle and bridle will also be wanted. 
I am with great respect, your humble servant, 

Jo. Stagg, Jr., 
Chief Clerk of the War Departmetit. 
To James O'Hara, Esq., Quartermaster-General. 

The defeat of General Harmar, in 1790, carried dismay 
throughout all our western settlements, and inspired the 
Indians with courage. A new army was raised and placed 

* Pack-horse. 
t Cincinnati. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 213 

under the command of Major-General St. Clair. On the 4th 
of November, 1791, he suffered a total defeat near the Miami 
villages by the Indians and their confederates, the English. 
The whole country was thrown into consternation. Petitions 
were sent from posts on the frontier to the officers of the 
government for protection. One was sent from Pittsburgh, 
December, 1791, representing the defenceless situation of the 
town, should it be attacked by the Indians. This petition 
was signed and addressed to Governor Mifflin by James 
O'Hara, John Irwin, John Wilkins, Jr., A. Tannehill, John 
McMasters, William Turnbull. 

December 26, 1791, orders were sent through Governor 
Mifflin by H. Knox, Secretary of War, to Major Craig, to 
construct immediately a block-house at Fort Pitt, and to sur- 
round it with palisades, so as to contain about 100 men. Two 
companies, with the necessary officers, were ordered to the 
fort, and the lieutenants of Westmoreland, Allegheny and 
Washington were authorized to employ scouts or patrols at 
the expense of the general government. The scouts were to 
be the best of hunters and woodsmen. In 1792 General 
Wayne received the appointment of Commander-in-Chief, 
and the western army was reorganized. It was called the 
Legion of the United States. Anxious to conciliate the 
Indians, he called a council twenty-two miles below Pittsburgh, 
which he called Legionville. The Indians insisted that they 
should be the undisturbed possessors of all the land north and 
west of the Ohio River. In i793, when the United States 
Commissioners proposed another council. General Wayne 
playfully expressed a wish to be present with 2,500 of his 
commissioners in company, with not a single Quaker among 

them. 

On the loth of October, 1794, General Wayne wrote from 
the Miami villages, that owing to the unfortunate death of 



214 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 

Mr. Robert I'^lliot, the acting contractor, wht) was killed by 
the savages, the affairs of that department were deranged and 
famine threatened, and General O'Hara must at once proceed 
to Fort Washington, visiting all the forts on the way, taking 
an invoice of the stores belonging to the contractors at each 
place, and of the means of transport, forwarding to the Miami 
village as great a supply of flour, salt and cattle as every 
means of transport in his own department as well as that of 
the contractors will permit. For which purpose the General- 
in-chief ordered a detachment of dragoons and riflemen, under 
the command of Captain Gibson, as far as Greenville to escort 
the convoy. General O'Hara also received orders that if 
there should be any deficiency in the contractors' stores, he 
should supply the deficiency. 

July 26, 1794, headquarters* Greenville, General O'Hara 
wrote to Major Craig that a Potawatomie, who was in the 
action of the 30th of June, at Grand Glaize, was captured and 
being examined says, that by every account of the Delawares 
from Roche de Bout, the British have from fifteen to twenty 
pieces of cannon at that place ; that the British called upon 
all the Indian Nations to bring on all their warriors, and that 
they would bring more British soldiers than they could bring 
warriors. This was one moon before the action at Fort Re- 
covery. The Indians having prepared for war, told the British 
to raise their strong arm and come on ; their answer was to 
proceed and go on before and they would wait with their 
strong arms to strike the Americans ; that the Great Man of 
Canada ordered them to go and take the fort, overset General 
Wayne's army, and roll them into the Ohio. He could not 
tell the number of Indians killed before Fort Recovery; the 
Indians carried off all their dead, except a few that lay too 

* Southwest branch of the Miami. 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 21 5 

near the fort. Some of the wounded were carried off on horse- 
back, and some by water. General O'Hara adds, "that the 
present prospects of supporting the Quartermaster's Depart- 
ment with general approbation are very flattering. The 
Legion and auxiliaries are in good spirits and well supplied, 
and you may be perfectly assured that we shall be in posses- 
sion of Grand Glaize and Roche de Bout before the 15th of 
next month." 

" July 27th. — The General beats to-morrow instead of the 
Reveille. The whole army is ready to move in the most com- 
plete order at sunrise, and you may expect to be informed of 
an end being put to the business of war in this quarter and 
of Simcoes'^ retrograde or defeat by my next letter. 

'•James O'Hara, Q. M. G." 

After the successful termination of General Wayne's cam- 
paign General O'Hara wished to resign his office as Quarter- 
master-General, but the resignation was not accepted until 
May, 1796, when he was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel 
John Wilkins. He continued in the service of the govern- 
ment as contractor for supplying the Western army until 
1802. It was during the time of Wayne's campaign that there 
occurred the revolt against government officials, called the 
"Whiskey Insurrection." The rioters had burned the country 
house of General Neville, and had assembled before General 
Abraham Kirkpatrick's house for the same purpose. H. H. 
Brackenridge addressed the mob and appealed to them in a 
manner which they could not resist. He showed them that 
it would be impossible to burn the house of Kirkpatrick with- 
out at the same time burning that of General O'Hara, which 
was close by, both built of wood ; that they knew General 

* Governor of Canada. 



2l6 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL o'hARA. 

O'Hara was from home with General Wayne, fighting the 
Indians ; to destroy his property under such circumstances 
would be an act for which they would never forgive them- 
selves. If the house must be destroyed, let it be pulled down, 
not burned. The crowd dispersed. 

In the spring of 1796 General O'Hara built a saw-mill in 
Allegheny and made arrangements with Major Isaac Craig 
for the erection of glassworks. Mr. Eichbaum was engaged 
to erect the works. It was a very difficult and expensive 
undertaking. They made their own pots. Some of the clay 
was brought from Germany ; all had to be brought from Phila- 
delphia in wagons. Thirty thousand dollars were expended 
before the first bottle was made. After that the furnaces 
were reconstructed and the manufactory became very profit- 
able. After the partnership with Major Craig was dissolved he 
carried on the business alone. In 1805 he built the ship " Gen- 
eral Butler." On March 4th it lay in the stream at Pittsburgh, 
ready to weigh anchor the moment the water answered. She 
was to go down the river with a cargo of glass for intermedi- 
ate ports, take a cargo of cotton at Natchez for Liverpool, 
and to return to Philadelphia or New Orleans with goods for 
either of these markets. She was commanded by Captain 
Samuel Lake. The General's eldest son, William Carson 
O'Hara, was supercargo. General John Wilkins was owner 
of one-fourth of the ship and cargo. 

Strict orders were given by General O'Hara and General 
Wilkins to Captain Lake that he would not suifer on board 
any stores, wares or articles of any kind that could possibly 
be conceived to be contraband of war, nor attempt to touch 
at any prohibition port. The ship was insured in Philadelphia 
for ;^io,ooo by Joseph Carson ; it was valued at ^14,000. 
The cargo was to be insured in Liverpool. On account of the 
war Captain Lake was authorized to sell it in Liverpool. " We 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 217 

do not wish to sell at any considerable loss, but being engaged 
in building another and desirous to encourage shipbuilding at 
place, we are willing to sell this without profit." It was not sold. 
May 3, 1807, the "General Butler" again sailed from New 
Orleans for Greenock with a cargo of cotton. October 3, 1807, 
the ship was captured by a Spanish schooner within sixty 
miles of Havanna and taken into Vera Cruz. 

Several other vessels were built by O'Hara and Wilkins for 
the river trade. One other, the "Betsey," traded between 
Baltimore and the West Indies. It was consigned to John 
Holmes, a merchant in Baltimore. He never rendered any 
account or answered letters addressed to him by General 
O'Hara. It was not known what became of the vessels dur- 
ing the owner's life. 

1789, General O'Hara was elected Presidential elector and 
cast his vote for General Washington. He assisted General 
Wilkins and others in building the First Presbyterian Church, 
Pittsburgh, and gave the handsome chandelier which orna- 
mented and illuminated the building, until it was torn down 
and replaced by the present edifice. 1802-4, he was a can- 
didate for election to Congress and was defeated by Lucas, 
a Democrat. During the time of his contract for supplying 
the northwest army with provisions he ascertained that salt 
from the Onondaga works in New York could be furnished 
in Pittsburgh cheaper than from Baltimore. He packed his 
flour and provisions in barrels suitable for salt. These bar- 
rels were reserved in his contract. Vessels were built on 
the lakes and river for its transportation and the salt sold 
for $4. a bushel. 

1804, General O'Hara was appointed a director of the 

branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania, established that year in 

Pittsburgh. 181 1, he entered into partnership with John 

Henry Hopkins— afterwards Bishop of Vermont — in an iron 

15 



218 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 

works at Ligonier. It was a failure. Among other noble 
qualities, Mr. Hopkins possessed the rare one of acknowl- 
edging and being grateful for a pecuniary obligation. 

General O'Hara at various times made extensive purchases 
of property in Allegheny County and elsewhere. The first 
tract of land he purchased was in 1773, nineteenth day of 
November, being a plantation and tract of land containing 
four hundred acres, situated on Coalpit Run. His mercan- 
tile knowledge was acquired in 1770 and 1771 in a counting- 
house in Liverpool. The exactness of his accounts with 
government is proved by the following certificate : 

Board of Treasury, July 19, 1786. 

I certify that there is due to Mr. James O'Hara, from the 
Commissioners of the Board of Treasury, for sundry war- 
rants by him endorsed and delivered this day to the Treasurer 
of the United States, the sum of Three Thousand Dollars : 
for the amount of which I am accountable agreeably to a 
receipt given to me by Mr. James O'Hara of this date. 

William Duer, 
Secretary of the Board of Treasury. 

Other certificates of the same kind have been preserved by 
his family. His compeers were men whose talents have 
never been excelled in this community, viz. : James Ross, 
Hugh Henry Brackenridge, W. Forward, Judge Baldwin, etc. 

Letters from many officers of the army prove their esteem 
and confidence in him. To some he was allied by marriage. 
General Febiger was his brother-in-law. His son James 
married the daughter of Pressley Neville, who was also the 
granddaughter of General Daniel Morgan, of whom it was 
said, " Served everywhere, surrendered nowhere, served to 
the end of the war." His daughter, Elizabeth Febiger 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O HARA. 219 

O'Hara, married the son of Major Denny, and soon after his 
death his daughter Mary married the son of Major Croghan. 
General George Rogers Clark was a brother-in-law of Major 
Croghan. During his residence in Pittsburgh he was noted 
for his hospitality. To his house all were welcome, from the 
countryman who came in for rest or refreshment, to his guests 
of honor, Louis Philippe, General Moreau, and his friends, 
the French officers. At that time the higher classes in Ire- 
land sent their sons to France for their education. It is 
probable that it was thus he acquired his perfect knowledge 
of French. 

James O'Hara died December 21, 1819, in the 67th year of 
his age. Mary O'Hara died April 8, 1834, aged 73. William 
Carson, James and Charles died s. p. d., before their father. 
The only descendants of his name are James O'Hara and his 
son Richard W. O'Hara, descendants of Richard Butler 
O'Hara. 



NOTES BY GENERAL O'HARA. 

Miles 

From the mouth of Tennessee to Fort Masac 12 

From Fort Masac to the mouth of Ohio 36 

From the mouth of the Ohio to Fort Jefferson 6 

From the mouth of the Ohio to Iron Bank 14 

From the mouth of the Ohio to Chalk Bank 17 

From the mouth of the Ohio to Chickasaw River 25 

From the mouth of the Ohio to New Mexico 50 

From Fort Jefferson to Masac, by land 18 

From Fort Jefferson to the mouth of Tennessee 24 

Raystown, Bedford. 

Fort Burd, Redstone Old Fort. 

Fort Franklin, Venango County, near mouth of French Creek. 



220 SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL O KARA. 

Fort Harmar, right bank of Muskingum, opposite Marietta, 

built 1785 by Major Doughty. 
Le Boeuf, on the south or west fork of French Creek. 
Fort Ligonier, east side of Loyalhanna Creek, Westmoreland 

County, erected 1757 or 1758. 
Fort Mcintosh, built by General Lachlan Mcintosh 1778. 

Beaver. 
DuOuesne. Pittsburgh. Fort Pitt. 
Presqu' Isle, erected 1756, on Lake Erie, about 30 miles 

above Buffalo Fort. 
Fort Reed, erected 1773, near Hannas Town. 
Fort Washington, Cincinnati. 



LETTERS FROM OFFICERS OF THE CONTl 
NENTAL ARMY, FROM 1776 TO 179^- 



Fort Pitt, 6 July 1776. 

At a meeting held this Day at this place, present : Kiashuta, 
a Mingoe chief, just returned from the treaty at Niagira; 
Captain Pipe, a Delaware chief; The Shade, a Shawnese chief, 
with several others, Shawnese and Delawares ; likewise Major 
Trent, Major Ward, Captain Nevill, his officers and a number 
of the Inhabitants, after being seated, Kiashuta made the 
following Speech : 

'^ Brothers: Three Months ago I left this Place to attend a 
Treaty at Niagira, to be held between the Commanding Officer 
of that Place and the six nation, Shawnese, Delawares, etc.; 
But I was stopped near a month at Connywagoe. As the Com- 
manding officer had sent word to the Indians not to assem- 
ble until He should hear from Detroit, while I was at Con- 
nywagoe, 800 Indians of the six nations hearing my 
Intentions of going to the Treaty, came to meet me and go 
with me. just as we arrived at a small Village beyond Con- 
nywagoe, they received a message from the Commanding Offi- 
cer, acquainting them that the Treaty was over, but they, not- 
withstanding, persisted in going. " I received a message at 
the same Time inviting me to come, and assuring me that the 
Council Fire was not yet entirely extinguished, upon my arri- 
val with the rest of the Indians, I informed the Commandhig 
Officer that I had come a great Distance to hear what He had 
to say, and desired that he would inform me ; but he told me 

(221) 



222 LETTERS. 

that he was not yet prepared to speak with me, which ended 
our Conference." 

Kiashuta then produced (his Belt, and is ordered by the Six 
nations to send it through the Indian Country) a Belt of Wam- 
pum, which was to be sent from the six nations to the Shaw- 
nese, Delawares, Wyandotts and Western Indians, acquaint- 
ing them that they were determined to take no Part in the 
present War between Great Britain and America, and desiring 
them to do the same. He then addressed himself to the 
Virginians and Pennsylvanians in the following manner : 

"Brothers: We will not suffer either the English or 
Americans to march an army thro' our Country. Should Either 
attempt it. We shall forewarn them three times from Pro- 
ceeding, but should they then persist, they must abide by the 
Consequence. I am appointed by the Six Nations to the Care 
of this Country, that is, to the Care of the Indians on the West 
side of the river Ohio, and I desire you will not think of an 
Expedition against Detroit, for I repeat it to you again, we 
will not suffer an army to march through our Country." A 
Strijig. 

Kiashuta again rose and spoke as follows :: 

"Brothers : Should any Mischief chance to be committed 
by any of our People, you must not blame the Nations nor 
think it was done by the approbation of the Chiefs ; for the 
six Nations have strictly forbid any of their young men or 
Tributaries to molest any People on these Waters, but if th6y 
are determined to go to War, let them go to Canada and fight 
there." A String. 

Kiashuta then addressed Himself to Captain Pipe (a Dela- 
ware chief), desiring him to inform his nation of what he had 
heard, and to request them to be strong and join with the 
other nations in keeping Peace in his country. A String. 

He also recommended it to the Shade, a Shawnese Chief, 
to do the same. 



LETTERS. 223 

He then desired that the foregomg speeches might be dis- 
tributed through the Country, to quiet the minds of the people, 
and convince them that the six nations and their adherents 
did not desire to live at Variance with them ; To which Captain 
Nevill returned the following answer : 

"■Brother KiasJmta: I am much oblig'd to you for your 
good speech on the present occasion, you may depend We 
shall not attempt to march an army through your Country 
without first acquainting you with it, unless we hear of a British 
Army coming this Course. In such Case, we must make all 
possible speed to meet, and endeavor to stop them." 

To which Kiashuta replied that there was not the least 
Danger of that, as they should make it their Business to pre- 
vent Either an English or American army from passing 
through their Country. 

Captain Carson. 

First Lieutenant Findly. 

Second Lieutenant Alexander Simeral. 

Indian Conference at Fort Pitt, July 6, 1776. 

Fort Pitt, 4th June, 1777. 

Sir: — I am favored with your letter of this date Informing 

me that you can't relieve the post at Kittanning except I can 

Supply you with Arms and Ammunition. Arms I have not 

until the Wagons arrive, consequently the 50 men who Escort 

the Wagons may march from here as early as any other Body 

of men I could arm. Ammunition I suppose to be already at 

that Post, you complain of the expence attending calling the 

Militia out. You must keep an account of what necessarily 

arises on that service and draw for it agreeable to the Act of 

Assembly. 

I am, Sir, with Esteem, 

Your obedient Humble Servant, 

Edward Hand. 
[Col. a. Lochry.] 



224 LETTERS. 

Fort Pitt, 6th July, 1777. 
Sir: — I received your letter by Captn. Martin, and am glad 
that by your late instructions you have it in your Power to 
punish the refractory Members you mention. Captn. Martin's 
small Party & two others, 15 Privates in the whole, are all I 
have yet heard of, pray, inform me if any more have joined 
him; it is very awkward & irregular to see men droping in by 
twos and threes without Officers and the least Order. 

Captn. Martin is Stationed at the Kiskimmenitas. You 
will see by the Militia Act the proportion of Officers to a Cer- 
tain number of men, which can't be exceeded. 

I am. Sir, 
Your Obedient, Humble Servant, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Col. a. Lochry.] 

Fort Pitt, 29th July, 1777. 
Dr Sir: — Your favor of yesterday I received & have 
furnished thirty Guns and accoutrements to Captns. McKee 
& Leech agreeable to your desire. I expect you will Please 
to direct them to be careful of them, that I may receive them 
fit for service. Captn. McKee received ten yesterday and 
one some time ago. Captain Leech rec'd nineteen to-day. I 
intend requesting the Principal Militia Officers of Westmore- 
land County to meet me at Hannas Town as soon as the 
Hurry of Harvest is over; I wish to confer with them on 
public business. I will give you further notice & fix a day. 
If you will take the Trouble to examine the Articles of War 
you will see that the men who deserted from Captain Martin's 
detachment are Guilty of Breach of the 4th & 14th Articles 
of the 13th Section of the Articles of War, and, as they were 
then in Actual Service, you will find by the ist Article of the 
17th Section that they are as liable to be punished as regular 



LETTERS. 225 

Soldiers. I enclose a copy of the Articles of War lest you 
may not have one by you 

and am, Dr Sir, Sincerely yours, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Col. a. Lochry.] 

Fort Pitt, 6th August, 1777. 
Si?-:— I last evening received your favor of the 2d Instant, 
and am convinced that what you have done is occasioned 
by your Zeal for the Common Cause ; but you may remember 
that a Magazine was ordered to your Quarter by myself, &, 
as I did not know the most proper place, I consulted the 
General I met at Ligonier the i8th Ultimo. By their Common 
Voice, Col. Mountis was fixed on, & Col. Morgan has only 
acted by my express Command. I have the Pleasure to 
acquaint you that, as far as can be ascertained, the Suspicions 
of that Gentn's Infidelity are quite groundless ; would to 
God those formed of every other Person were so! I find 
Col. Lochry is gone to Phila. ; I therefore request you will 
please immediately to forward the wagons laden with Salt to 
Col. Mountis, and Redstone agreeable to prior order ; those 
wagons carrying other stores I beg you will send here. It will 
be necessary to send an Escort with the Wagons, which must 
continue at Col. Mountis' as a Guard for the Magazine, & be 
relieved by you, agreeable to my directions, to Colonel Lochry, 
which I find you are acquainted with. I beg to know in what 
Forwardness the Militia from your County, destined for the 
Expedition, are in, 

and am. Sir, Very respectfully Yrs., 

Edw. Hand. 
[James Parry, Lieut, of Westmoreland.] 



226 LETTERS. 

Fort Pitt, August 8, 1777. 
General Hand wishes to meet the Militia officers, & other 
principal Inhabitants of the Counties of Bedford and West- 
moreland, at Ligonier, on Monday, the i8th instant, to con- 
sult on the best Measures to be taken on the present alarming 
Occasion. 

By order of the Genl., 

J. EwiNG, M. B. 
[To Colonel Archibald Lochry, Westmoreland County.] 

Fort Pitt, August 22, 1777. 
Sir: — As the Commissary has been directed to Erect a Mag- 
azine of Provisions at Colonel Mounces', near Stewart's 
crossing, and one at Redstone old Fort, he will send from 
Ligonier, by the way of the Nine Mile Run, a Number of 
Wagons, Laden with Stores, to the above-mentioned places. 
I therefore Request that you will please to furnish a Party of 
Militia to Escort the Wagons & serve as Guides, & to 
remove any obstructions the Wagons may meet on the road, 
the same party, or another, consisting of a carefull Subaltern 
officer, a sergeant & ten Privates, must remain at Colonel 
Mounces' as a Guard to the Magazine ; they are to be kept up 
until further Orders, and may be delivered as often as you 
think necessary. 

I am. Sir, Your obedient, Humble Servant, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Col. a. Lochry.] 

Fort Pitt, 13 October, 1777. 
Sir: — I hope in a few days to move the Provisions & other 
stores destined for the Indian Expedition from here to Wheel- 
ing, & I will, at the same time, march all the troops here 
assembled to that place. I beg you may be as expeditious as 



^ LETTERS. 227 

possible in furnishing- your proportion and ordering them to 
march immediately for this garrison. Send an Officer and 
fifteen or twenty of your Militia to meet and Escort David 
Tate's Brigade of Horses laden with flour, they will also 
take under their protection any other Continental Pack- 
Horses they meet. 

I am Sir, Your Obed, H'ble Servant, 

Edw. Hand. 

Fort Pitt, 18 October, 1777. 
Dear Sir: — The protection of your County has, since I 
have had the Honor to Command, been an object equally 
attended to with that of any other Frontier County. I have 
repeatedly requested from you a number of men for that 
purpose, but (from what cause I can't determine) I never 
yet could obtain them agreeable to my wish. If you will 
now send me your proportion, I think that will be sufficient, 
added to the numbers already arrived and daily expected from 
different Quarters, to protect the Frontiers. Congress ordered 
a Post in your County (The Kittanning) ; I could not support 
that and have ordered another to be Erected at the expence 
of the Continent. This I think Sufficient, & will Support, if 
you lend me your aid ; at the same time, beg leave to 
assure you that I don't mean to interfere with your Command 
of Westmoreland County, or your Plan in Erecting as many 
Forts and magazines as you please at the expence of the State 
of Pennsylvania, and puting the whole County in its Pay. 
Presuming you have proper authority for so doing, and every 
State will, no doubt, have a particular regard to the Situation 
of Different Counties, the People you mention are surely De- 
fending their own Property, and, if the Spirit of Discord would 
permit them, have it in their Power, by Uniting to march in 
Bodies, to collect the Grain of every man in the Frontier parts 



228 LETTERS. 

of the County. I again request you may not delay the pro- 
portion from your County for the Expedition; the Season 
advances apace. I shall to-morrow proceed to Wheeling with 
what Troops I have, yours will receive every necessary I can 
Afford them when they arrive here, & when they join me 
shall be put on the same footing with the Militia of any other 
County. In the meantime, Subscribe myself, 
Dr Sir, very Sincerely yrs, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] 



Fort Pitt, 5 Nov., 1777. 

Dear Sir: — I was duly fav'd with yours of the 2d by Colonel 
Barr, who, instead of 53, has no more than 31 Rank and file. 

To my very great mortification I find I can't collect a 
sufficient number of men to enter the Indian country this 
season, therefore, as the Frontier of Westmoreland County 
lies much exposed to the Ravages of the Savages, I beg that 
you may immediately draw out 150 men, with officers in pro- 
portion, to cover that part of the Country and Assist the 
Inhabitants in securing their Crops and other property, the 
whole to be under the direction of a Field Officer, who must 
report to me from time to time what number of men and 
officers are on duty & where they are. Col. Barr's party 
are now armed & will remain here subject to your Orders. 
I wish to render this Body of men as useful as possible to the 
public, shall for that reason leave the destination of them to 
yourself. Except 30 to be kept with Captain Moorhead, you 
are to continue the 150 men & no more on continental pay 
untill Further orders or until the necessity for it ceases. You 
must apply to Col. Geo. Morgan or his agent here for In- 



LETTERS. 229 

structions how to Victual them, a sufficient number of cattle 
are already purchased for that purpose. 

I am, Sir, your Obedt, Humle Servant, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] 

[Collection of W. M. D.] 

Sir: — I wrote to the honorable the Continental Congress on 
the 15th Ultimo, which I hope they have received. I would 
at that time have wrote to you, but was not certain of your 
being in Congress ; but as Mr. John Anderson informs me he 
left you in Congress, I take the liberty of communicating to 
you some matters that have occurred to me since my letter to 
Congress upon hearing the speeches of the Delawares, and 
request the favour of you to lay them before Congress, and 
that Part with respect to the Delawares I have communicated 
to Col. Morgan. I believe we shall have an Indian war 
and a general one. If the Delawares were ever so well 
inclined they will be awed into it by the other nations. I 
would be for supporting them if possible in order to lessen 
the strength of our enemy. They should be invited into our 
Country. Their wives, Children and Old people would be 
then secure, and we then should reap great Advantage from 
the service of their young Men and Warriors. And if any 
other Tribe or Nation would follow their Example they should 
be encouraged. If we have a general Indian war, it is my 
humble Opinion four expeditions will be necessary : One to 
the Southward, one to the Northward, one down the Ohio to 
establish a Strength on the Ohio, so as to cut off any com- 
munication with the Western and Southern Nations, and one 
other expedition to De Troit or to some part of the Country 
to the Westward, to cut off the communication between the 
Northern and Western Nations. Each of those expeditions 



230 LETTERS. 

should be carried into execution under the command of an 
experienced officer. And it is my humble opinion not less 
than 3,000 men should be employed in each of those expedi- 
tions, and they should be well equipped ; that those who went 
down the Ohio and those to Detroit should have some field 
pieces, and those troops should not return but establish posts 
and reduce the Indians and convince them of an error that 
they have been led into by the governments formerly, that 
they may at any time make war with us and have peace 
granted them on their own terms. I would recommend that 
large numbers of hostages should be taken from every tribe 
or nation that we may reduce, and take none but their chiefs 
or ruling men as hostages, that the tribe or nation should 
support those hostages, and that they should not be ex- 
changed till we had good proof of their tribe or nation becom- 
ing agreeable people. That all the lands of the unoffending 
tribes or nations should be preserved to them, and a generous 
trade well regulated. And that all the lands of the offending 
Tribes or Nations should be forfeited, and that they should be 
restricted to hunt or live on such parts of it as should be 
directed by the commanding Officer or Governor who might be 
appointed to rule them. We undoubtedly should have a 
greater number of the Indians in our interest. If we had a 
sufficient quantity of goods for that purpose, our enemy have 
great advantage of us for they out treaty us, and the highest 
bidder will have the greatest Number of the Indians. This I 
know from my acquaintance with them for upwards of twenty 
years. 

To the Delawares we made promises of protection, and 
they now put our friendship to the test, and if we do not 
fulfil our promises they will undoubtedly be obliged to look 
for protection elsewhere, and we must suffer in their opinion 
and also in the opinion of all the other nations. If I should 



LETTERS. 231 

receive Intelligence, or if anything should occur to me that 
may serve the general cause, I shall write to you. 
I am, sir, with great respect, 

Your most obedient humble servant, 

Edw. Hand. 

[Colonel James Wilson, Esq., 

A Member of the Honorable Continental Congress.] 

Fort Pitt, March 22, 1778. 
Sir:— I am instructed by the hon'ble, the Commissioners 
appointed by Congress, to fix on a plan for the defence of 
these frontiers, to desire that you may continue 150 Privates 
of the Militia of your County, properly officered, on constant 
duty on its frontiers. Thirty of them to be added to Captain 
Moorhead's company, stationed at Fort Hand, and the re- 
maining 120 placed at such stations as you find best calcu- 
lated for the defence of the County. Instead of Militia call'd 
out in the ordinary way, the Commissioners are desirous of 
engaging a like number of volunteers for a longer time than 
the Mihtia generally serves. I perfectly agree with them in 
sentiment and wish you to fall on that Plan, provided no delay 
arises for its execution. 

I am, sir, your obed't h'ble serv't, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Colonel Archibald Lochry.] 

Fort Pitt, June 14, 1778. 
Szr.—l am at a Loss to conceive the Meaning of the Intelli- 
gence I this day received from the Delaware Indians, yet as 
the Term old Hunting ground may, and probably does imply 
the Place that gentleman has been at war the last season, it 
it is not unlikely ; but it may be your County, therefore wish 
you to take every Precaution to prevent a surprise by keeping 



232 LETTERS. 

out Scouts and having a force ready to oppose the Invaders. 
I will not be remiss in doing my Part. I shall give you In- 
formation of anything that comes to my Knowledge and con- 
cerns you, and expect a like Information from you, as I mean 
to give you timely assistance if necessary. 

I am, dear sir, y'rs sincerely, 

Edw. Hand. 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] 

Extract from intelligence receiv'd from the Delaware In- 
dians 14th June, 1778. 

The Inclosed Billet I received yesterday from the lake will, 
perhaps, be of some use for you. 

The Billet. 
There is a small army of French — 150 or 200 men — that is 
for the frontier, commanded by one Mr. Jenot. I imagine 
that he is for his old hunting ground or for Redstone. 

Fort Pitt, July 9, 1778. 
Si J': — I have just received yours of the 7th and 8th Current,, 
and am much distressed to find the unhappy situation of your 
county, and the more so as I am at a loss how to relieve you. 
Colonel Campbell has ordered a body of the militia of Yoho- 
gania County to assemble here. I intended them for you, but 
they are not yet come ; if I can't do otherwise will endeavor 
to send you a few Regulars to scour your Frontier, which will, 
I hope, enable you to collect your Harvest, as you may reason- 
ably expect their Hay can't be long, and I hope the Militia 
will exert themselves and collect in bodies to save the grain 
under the Protection of this Guard ; prepare to receive them 
at Hannas Town ; they will be Victualed from here to that 
place ; you shall have farther notice of their approach. 

Yours, etc., 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] Edw. Hand. 



LETTERS. 233 

Fort Pitt, July 10, 1778. 
5/;.;_Captain James Sullivan, with a Detachment of regular 
Troops under his Command, will march this Evening, or to- 
morrow Morning, to your assistance. He will halt at Hannas 
Town until he sees you ; he has written Instructions, which 
I beg you may peruse and assist him in executing. I hope 
his Party will produce the desired salutary Effects. 
I am, sir, very cordially yours, 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] Edw. Hand. 

Fort Pitt, July 27, 1778. 
Sir: — I have good reason to suspect that many parties of 
Indians are now out ; you will, therefore, plan to be on your 
guard. 

Plan to furnish twenty-five or thirty men to protect the 
houses, collecting forage in your county. 

I am, sir, your hble svt., 

Edw. Hand. 
[Colonel A. Lochry.] 

Fort McIntosh, Beaver Creek, Oct. 30, 1778. 

Sir: — I had the Honor of writing to you on the 27th Sep- 
tember, and hope your People are about the Block Houses I 
recommended for the protection of your County during my 
absence. The repeated murders committed by the Indians 
upon your Inhabitants must show the necessity of them. 

The Magistrates of your County have asked my consent for 
150 Volunteers to go and rout or remove a few Indian Towns 
upon Allegheny River, who, probably, are the most troublesome 
to you, which I very much approve of. It will be greatly to your 
honor and advantage ; they shall have provisions and ammuni- 
tion, either from this place or Fort Pitt, with every reasonable 
Encouragement I can give them, as nothing can be better 
16 



234 LETTERS. 

times, if they are expeditious and secrete. I propose going in 
two or three days to Cochocking, or the Delaware Towns, and 
leave Colonel Broadhead to wait for our stores, and the atten- 
tion of most of their Warriors will be upon our motions, which 
will probably make them an easy prey. It is what I had in 
View myself, if I was not otherwise employed. I shall be glad 
to hear of your proceedings and success in it. 

I have the pleasure to inform you that my plan of securing 
as I go begins to have its proper effect upon several tribes of 
the Savages already, who have earnestly applied to me for 
peace, but have given them no Encouragement yet, and per- 
haps will not if I am properly supported, until they give me 
substantial proofs of their Sincerity. I intend building a Fort 
at Cochocking before I proceed any further, to secure these 
Indians in our Interest, from which I may probably make ex- 
cursions to some of the Hostile Towns ; but, unfortunately, the 
time of the Militia I have with me will expire the first day of 
January next, which will disappoint all my Schemes, unless I 
have a fresh Supply of men before that time, which I cannot 
expect from these Counties, who have already Exerted them- 
selves so much ; therefore, as I have Spared yours this time, 
for the security and protection of your own Frontiers, I hope 
and expect you will use your utmost Endeavours to procure 
only two hundred men, properly Officered, armed and accout- 
ered, whom I request you will send off the first of December 
at farthest, that they may be up with me in time, and that I 
may not be obliged to relinquish any Ground I gain ; and must 
also intreat the time of service of your Militia, if possible, may 
be six Months from the Day they arrive at my headquarters, 
if required so long, as short engagements will be of no use in 
my design, and for their encouragement I expect they will 
have the honor of finishing the campaign, and all the toil and 
labor will be over before they come. In hopes that you will use 



LETTERS. 235 

your utmost Exertion on the occasion to serve your country 
and yourselves. 

I am respectfully, sir, 

Your most obt. servt, 

Lach'n McIntosh. 
[Colonel Lochry.] 

I request you will forward the inclosed letter to Colonel 
Piper immediately by express. 

Headquarters, Fort Pitt, May 10, 1780. 

Dear Sir: — I find that it will not be in my power to provide 
for the number of men I have ordered to be called into ser- 
vice so soon as I expected. Besides, I have heard officially 
that a number of Artillery, Cannon and Stores are now on the 
March to this place, and J^y report, that two Regiments are on 
their march to reinforce my command. I must recommend 
it to you, and all the leading Officers of your county, to excite 
industry in planting and sowing the Summer crops, and to 
have your troops here by the second day of next Month. 

The stroke at Brush Creek was quite unexpected and has 
given me great uneasiness, because I had reason to hope that 
the Country eastward of this place would have enjoyed some 
quiet. But I see the villains are determined to perplex us 
as much as they possibly can. The Militia should be drafted 
for two months, although the expedition will probably end in 
one, and let them be as well armed and accoutred as circum- 
stances will admit. I request you to encourage them to 
bring with them two weeks' allowance of Provisions, lest 
there should be a deficiency. I trust you and all the good 
people of your County are convinced of the necessity there is 
for prosecuting some offensive operations against the Savages, 
and I hope that, being favored by a well-timed movement 



236 LETTERS. 

from the new settlements clown the river, we shall be able to 
strike a general panic into the hostile Tribes. I do not intend 
to put too much to hazard, as a Defeat would prove fatal to the 
Settlements, and therefore expect the full Complement of men 
will be furnished, which alone, with the blessing of Divine 
Providence, can ensure success. Indeed, I expect that upon 
this Expedition many will turn and voluntarily to procure to 
themselves the blessings of Peace. I have the Honor to be, 
with great regard and Esteem, 

Dear, Sir, your most obedient servant, 

Daniel Brodhead, 
Colonel Commanding No. D. 
[Colonel Archibald Lochry, Lieutenant 
of Westmoreland County.] 

Headquarters, Fort Pitt, July 9, 1780. 

Dear Sir: — I am honored with your favor of this date. I 
am well satisfied with the proposed indulgence to the Inhab- 
itants of Turtle Creek Waters until they have reaped their 
harvests of Wheat and Rye ; but it will be very inconvenient to 
provide for the men at such a distance ; besides, our magazines 
are very low, and I conceive the inhabitants who wish their 
protection particularly ought to feed them at their own ex- 
pense — this, I believe has been the usual custom. 

I hear nothing of the sixty men you were ordered to draft, 
which were to receive their supplies from the State, and I 
am desirous to know what has been done in regard to that 
order, for I am so circumstanced with regard to resources 
that my duty will require the strictest economy to subsist 
the troops in Continental service. If I can possibly obtain 
supplies, I shall yet make an excursion into the Indian 
country in time to destroy the corn, etc. But I conceive 



LETTERS, 237 

that the best method will be to maixh on horse if they can 
be furnished. 

I am, with much respect and esteem, 

Your most obedient servant, 

Daniel Brodhead. 
[Colonel Archibald Lochry.] 

Fort Pitt, October 8, 1782. 
Sir: — I am honored with your Excellency's two letters of 
the 4th and i8th of September; the last by Mr. Garnaghan 
with the money did not arrive here till the 5th instant. This 
delay and the detachment of General Wayne's regiment not 
coming at the time proposed will unavoidably prevent my 
moving so soon as was intended. I have sent an officer Ex- 
press to meet and hasten General Wayne's men, and though 
I am not certain what day they can arrive, take for granted, 
if at all, they will be here before the 20th, and as the business 
would be impracticable later, have fixed on that day to march 
from Fort Mcintosh — a post thirty miles advanced of this 
place. Sixty Rangers are counted to me as part of the men 
for the expedition ; these I am not yet informed where they 
are to come from. Three hundred Militia ordered by Con- 
gress from below the mountain are also counted ; those are 
not only so far short of the number, but so few of them are 
fit, or in any manner Clothed or E^quipped for such service, 
that most of them would be a dead weight or incumbrance ; 
add to this their term of service is nearly expired. I must 
therefore depend solely on the few Regulars and what volun- 
teers can be raised on this side the Mountain. If about 600 
actually assemble, I am determined to make the attempt, 
particularly as I have some reason to hope General Clark, 
will co-operate with us if this last delay does not prevent 
it, as I had concerted measures with him that he should 



238 LETTERS. 

attack the Shawnesc at the same time I did Sandusky. 
One of the Expresses to him was wounded on his way down 
the river and narrowly escaped falling into the enemy's 
hands. I have sent another to him since that time, and a 
third since I received your last dispatches in order to halt 
him a few days till I could get ready. The Estimate will be 
found in general too low, and several things omitted which 
cannot be dispensed with. The calculation for a horse to 
carry 200 is too high ; however you may depend I will spare 
no pains to have the business done on the lowest terms. I 
have appointed Mr. John Irwin, of Pittsburgh, the principal 
agent. If you should think proper to send any money in my 
absence, you will be so good as to address it to him, subject 
to my orders. It would not be possible to procure the sup- 
plies in so short a time on any other plan than to purchase 
provision from the Volunteers, which they had collected for 
their own use on the original plan of carrying the Expedition. 
I mean, therefore, to order the whole to the place of general 
Rendezvous, there have the whole appraised and pay for it in 
bulk ; though some unavoidable waste will take place, yet I 
hope, on the whole, it will come within the price the Rations 
are estimated at. The greatest difficulty with me is the un- 
certainty of the Quantity, which cannot be ascertained till the 
whole is collected, but there is no alternative. 

I have the honor to be with great resp'ct, sir, your Excel- 
lency's most obedient servant, 

[His Excellency, Wm. Irvine. 

Wm. Moor, Esq.] 

Fort Pitt, April 12, 1782. 
Aly Dearest Love: — I received your two letters by Captain 
Craig and Mr. Hughes. I am therefore in arrears in the 
letter way, but the fault is not in me, being extremely anxious 



LETTERS. 239 

to inform you of my arrival here, but have not had a single 
opportunity. I had very cold weather, though dry, and made 
a speedy march. Got up the Monday after I left you. One 
of my horses took lame, and I was oblig'd to leave him about 
half-way. Things were in a strange state when I arrived. A 
number of the Country people had just returned from the 
Moravian towns, about 100 miles distant, where, 'tis said, they 
did not spare either age or sex. What was more extra- 
ordinary they did it in cool blood, having deliberated three 
days, during which time they were industrious in collecting 
all hands into their Churches (they had embraced Christianity) 
where they fell on, while they were singing Hymns, and 
killed the whole. Many children were killed in their wretched 
Mother's arms. Whether this was right or wrong I do not 
pretend to determine. Things were still in greater confusion 
nearer home, for on the morning before my arrival here a 
party of Militia attacked some friendly Indians, who were not 
only under our protection, but several actually had commis- 
sions in our service, at the very nose of the garrison on a 
small island in the River, of whom they killed several, and 
also made prisoners of a guard of Continental troops, and sent 
Colonel Gibson a message that they would also scalp him. A 
thousand lies are propagated all over the country against him, 
poor fellow, I am informed. The whole is occasioned by his 
unhappy connection with a certain tribe, which leads people 
to imagine for this reason that he has an attachment to 
Indians in general. However false this reasoning may be, 
yet no reasoning will or can convince people to the contrary. 
People who have had Fathers, Mothers, Brothers or Children 
butchered, tortured, scalped by the savages — reasoning very 
differently on the subject of killing the Moravians to what 
people who live in the interior part of the country in safety 
do — their feelings are very different. Whatever your private 



240 LETTERS. 

opinion of these matters may be, I conjure you by all the ties 
of affection, and as you value my reputation, that you keep 
your mind to yourself and that you will not express any senti- 
ment for or against these deeds, as it may be alleged the 
sentiments you express may come from me or be mine also. 

No man knows whether I approve or disapprove of killing 
the Moravians. I called a meeting of most of the principal 
Militia Officers. They were convened here last Friday after 
long conferences which lasted nearly two days. They parted 
seemingly pleased with the plans I proposed to adopt for the 
protection of the country, and promised they would support 
me. I have also been fortunate enough to suppress the 
mutinous disposition of the Troops without Blood-shedding. 
From all this you make yourself easy respecting my personal 
safety. Some people are killed and some taken by the Indians 
in almost every quarter. I lost five of my men a few days 
since, who were wood-cutting and carelessly laid down their 
arms to load the wagon, when a party rushed on them. This 
was at a Fort we have thirty miles down the river. Whether 
my mind may change or not I cannot say, but from the state 
of things at present I would not consent for the Universe to 
your coming up. If your sister, Niell, lives in the country 
this summer and you could accomplish taking the children 
with you, I should have no objection to your spending some 
weeks with her. 

Yrs affectionately, 

Wm. Irvine. 

Fort Pitt, December 29, 1782. 

My Dearest Love : — This day I expected my Express, but 

there is as yet no account of him, but I hourly look for him. 

The Bearer, Mr. Jno. Bull, is an elder of the Moravian Indians' 

congregation, who, together with the Ministers, Converts, etc., 



LETTERS. 241 

had built a pretty town and made good improvements and 
lived for some years past quite in the style of Christian, 
White people, but. were last fall taken prisoners by a party of 
Indians commanded by that infamous rascal, Matthew Elliot, 
and carried away to the number of 100 families from their 
fine farms into the Wilderness, where they are starving. Mr. 
Bull is going down to Bethlehem to represent the sufferings 
of his people to the society of Moravians. I wish I could 
appoint a day to be with you, but that is impossible. 

I am, my dearest love, yours most affectionately, 

Wm. Irvine. 
[Mrs. Irvine.] 

Philadelphia, August 26, 1784. 
Sir: — We understand it is your Intention to contract for 
those Things which will be necessary for the table and sup- 
port of the Commissioners during the Negotiations. We are 
apprehensive of much inconvenience in being supplied by a 
Contractor, and therefore it is our wish that the articles which 
we have noted as necessary, should be purchased by Mr. 
O'Hara, in whom we can Confide. You can best judge, sir, 
whether this will make any material difference in the Expense 
to the Public. If it will not, we hope the Mode we desire will 
be agreeable to you, and that Mr. O'Hara will be enabled to 
provide the Things necessary without a moment's Delay, as the 
time fixed for the Treaty at Stanwix presses hard upon us. 
We have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, 
Your most obed and humble Servts, 

Arthur Lee, 
Richard Butler. 
[The Honorable the Superintendent of Finance.] 

Philadelphia, September 10, 1784. 
Sir: — The Indian Goods destined for the Westward, and 
which you are now purchasing, you will please to have care- 



242 LETTERS. 

fully ixicked up, marked and numbered and placed in some 
safe and convenient store, to remain there till the arrival of 
my Colleagues, which I expect will be to-morrow or next day 
at farthest. It is my wish that you should take charge of them 
to Fort Pitt and Cyahoga, and I make not the least doubt 
but Colonel Atlee and Mr. McClay will agree with me in your 
appointment to this business. I order that they may be for- 
warded with all dispatch ; You had better begin to engage 
the necessary Teams immediately. With regard to additional 
Stores to accommodate the Commissioners, it will be abso- 
lutely necessary that they should be laid in. This, however, 
may be delay'd until the arrival of my brother Commissioners, 
when you shall be furnished with a list. 

I am, Sir, your very humble servant, 

F. Johnston, Conmiissionci'. 
Approved by Sam. Atlee. 
[Captain James O'Hara.] 

Philadelphia, August 28, 1784. 
Sir: — You having assisted the Continental Commissioners 
in procuring the Indian goods so much to their satisfaction, 
has induced the Indian Commissioners on the part of this 
State, to request your assistance in obtaining and safe-pack- 
ing the goods to be provided by them. Enclosed you have 
a list of such as are wanted, and must beg you will lose no 
time in furnishing the usual articles therein specified, in order 
that they may be sent, if possible, with the Goods of the Con- 
tinent. The list should have been furnished sooner had we 
been sooner authorized. The Treaty at Fort Stanwix will be 
held the 20th of September next, so that it will require your 
utmost exertions, as many of the articles must be made here. 
A general treaty will be held at Cuyahoga, on the bank of Lake 
Erie, on the 20th of November next, so that the articles in the 



LETTERS. 243 

enclosed List No. i, will be equally divided, the one-half only 
immediately for the first Treaty, by which means you will have 
sufficient time to make up such articles as shall be required 
for the second. As the State means to convince the natives 
that she can and will furnish the best assortment of Goods, 
we must beg you will be careful to answer her good Intentions 
in these particulars. Sundry little articles, agreeable to List 
No. 2, will be wanted for the accommodation of the Commis- 
sioners, who beg you will give yourself the additional trouble 
of furnishing the same and having them carefully put up, 
marked and sent on with the Goods. When they are ready to 
be shipped, you will be pleased call upon Captain Joseph Stiles, 
the keeper of the magazine, who will deliver you 10 quarter 
Casks of powder for the first Treaty ; 10 other quarter Casks 
will be ready for the second, and likewise delivered you. 
We are, Sir, your h'ble servants, 

Samuel Atlee, 
Francis Johnston. 
p. s. — Captain Stiles will also furnish you with three horse- 
man's and one soldier's tent. 
[Captain James O'Hara.] 

Fort Pitt, December 3, 1785. 
Sir: — I am sorry to inform your Excellency that this 
country has got a severe stroke by the loss of Colonel Lochry 
and about one hundred ('tis said) of the best men of West- 
moreland County, including Captain Stockely and his com- 
pany of Rangers. They were going down the Ohio on 
General Clark's Expedition ; many accounts agree that they 
were all killed or taken at the mouth of the Miami River— 
I believe, chiefly killed. This misfortune, added to the fail- 
ure of General Clarke's Expedition, has filled the people with 
great dismay ; many talk of retiring to the East side of the 



244 LETTERS. 

Mountains early in the Spring. Indeed, there is great reason 
to apprehend that the Savages and, perhaps, the British from 
Detroit will push us hard in the Spring, and I believe there 
never were Posts nor a County ina worse state of defence. Not- 
withstanding, I am well informed there has been sundry meet- 
ings of people at different places for the purpose of concert- 
ing plans to emigrate into the Indian country, there to estab- 
lish a Government for themselves. What the result of these 
meetings were I cannot say, and, as I do not intend to 
interfere in Civil matters, have not taken any notice of the 
affair. From what observations I have been able to make, I 
am of opinion there is many obvious reasons why no time 
should be lost in running the Hne between Virginia and 
Pennsylvania. Civil government will never be fairly estab- 
lished till then, nor even the Militia drawn out with regularity 
for their own defence. I have no reason, as yet, to complain 
of the people, for the refractory, ungovernable, low manners 
generally ascribed to them. I assure you, sir, my pity for 
their situation is rather excited, than wrath or indignation 
kindled. I have good grounds to believe that the settlements 
at Cantuke and the Falls will break up, in which case, I fear, 
a number of adventurers, who talk of going down to New 
Orleans with flour, will be killed or taken. Council may 
depend that during my stay here, that no exertions in my 
power shall be wanting in everything that may tend to the 
welfare of the State, or protection of the Inhabitants, as far 
as consistent with my duty as an officer of the United States. 
I have the honor to be, with great respect, 

Sir, your Excellency's most obedient servant, 

Wm. Irvine. 
[His Excellency, the President of the State of Pennsylvania.] 



LETTERS. 245 

Treasury Department, 
Register's Office, March 6, 1792. 
These are to certify that James O'Hara, Esq., late Con- 
tractor for supplying the army with Provisions, and who oc- 
casionally acted as Quartermaster of the troops and agent for 
the supply of Indian goods, is not charged with any Moneys 
on the treasury books. That he has from time to time settled 
his -accounts in a regular manner at the Treasury, and has 
given general satisfaction to the Treasury officers with whom 
he settled said accounts. (Signed) 

Joseph Nourse, Register. 

War Department, April 19, 1792. 
Sir: — The President of the United States, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, has appointed you Quarter- 
master-General in the Army of the United States. You will 
please immediately to signify your acceptance or non-accept- 
ance of this appointment. In order that you may judge of 
the pay, rations and emoluments for the commissioned and 
non-commissioned officers and privates in the service of the 
United States, I enclose you the Act of Congress relative to 
the military establishment. 

I am, sir, your humble servant, 

H. Knox, Secretary of War. 
[James O'Hara, Esq.] 

Pittsburgh, June 20, 1792. 
Sir:—\ have the pleasure to inform you that the Quarter- 
master-General's Department begins to bear such appearance 
in this country as strengthens my confidence in being able to 
perform the Duties in such manner as may be required. The 
Stores sent by Mr. Knox have arrived more expeditiously than 
I expected and in tolerable order; the brass cannon is at 



246 LETTERS. 

length received very safe. The conduct of Gist I represented 
to you in Philadelphia, he being there with his wagon. The 
Sheet Iron was delivered in due time, and the Camp Kettles 
are in a fair way of being ready. Every article furnished at 
this place will be of excellent quality. I expect some embar- 
rassment in procuring Forage, chiefly owing to the very low 
state of the rivers, but with a little exertion I expect to raise 
the necessary supply. I have made such arrangements as 
was in my power for having the necessary magazines and 
Granaries erected at the Western Posts and for having dry 
Forage laid up, if possible; this will depend on the state of 
the Garrison. I cannot make any observations on the defici- 
encies of my department, having no returns of accoutrements, 
camp equipage and other articles, which I am informed are 
already procured, but shall certainly attend to it soon as may 
be in my power. Wishing to continue Major Craig as Quar- 
termaster at this post, I have ventured to offer him Forty 
dollars per month, three Rations per day and Forage for one 
horse, which he does not consider a sufficient compensation 
and which I shall not exceed in any case without advice. 
Such Blacksmiths, Carpenters and Wheelwrights as ought to 
be employed as artificers, will not engage to serve for less 
than fifteen or twenty dollars per month and extra provision. 
Good Mechanics are indispensably necessary, and as I do not 
conceive myself justifiable in agreeing on such high terms, 
I wish to be instructed on both these cases. I have pur- 
chased but very few Horses, as having a great number on 
Hand would at present be attended with unnnecessary ex- 
pense. I shall wait for particular orders on this Head, as a 
sufficient Number may be raised in a few days' notice. The 
Commander-in-Chief being here I shall not trouble you with 
any observations on the situation of our Frontiers, nor do I 
know that more can be said than that we seem to be in pro- 



LETTERS. 247 

found peace, surrounded by a cheerful people, possessing all 
the necessaries of life in the greatest abundance and on the 
most easy terms, although not altogether free from appre- 
hension that this tranquillity may be again disturbed by 
skulking parties from Lake Erie, or by Muncy Vagabonds. I 
expect to be honored with your commands often as the 
service may require, and I now take the liberty of assuring 
you that no motive nor consideration can possibly interfere 
with the duties of my station, which I feel myself most re- 
ligiously bound to execute agreeable to your instructions and 
my own judgment. A few loads of shot is received under 
Campbell's contract. They will not please, being too rough 
for brass pieces and not fair cast ; of this they are informed. 
I have the honor to be, sir. 
Your most obedient humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 
[To the Honorable, the Secretary of War, June 20, 1792.] 

War Department, June 29, 1792. 

Sir:— I have received your favor of the 20th instant and I 
am happy to learn the confidence that you shall be able to 
perform the duties of your Department in a satisfactory 
manner. 

I am really of opinion that Major Craig ought to have the 
pay and emoluments of a deputy quartermaster-general. His 
punctuality, fidelity and industry are such as to be of particu- 
lar importance in the place where he is, as he has the charge 
of receiving and distributing all the public stores. I think 
you may engage good mechanics at fifteen dollars, besides 
extra provisions ; but they ought to be engaged for two or 
three years, unless sooner discharged. I am glad you have 
not yet purchased many horses. The Commander-in-Chief 



248 LETTERS. 

being upon the spot, will instruct you upon that and all other 
parts of your duty. 

The returns of the Tents and Camp equipage is presumed to 
be abundant ; a particular return shall be transmitted to you, 
and if there should be any deficiency you will either provide 
them, or require them to be provided here. 

I shall write to Major Craig about Campbell's shot. 
I am, sir, your humble servant, 

H. Knox. 

EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY 

OF THE TREASURY TO THE SECRETARY 

OF WAR. 

"Treasury Department, August 6, 1792. 

"All advances for supplies in the quartermaster's depart- 
ment will be made to the* quartermaster by warrants in his 
favor from the treasury, and he will have to account immedi- 
ately to the treasury for the disbursement of the moneys 
committed to him. 

"It will, of course, be necessary for the quartermaster to 
have an attorney or deputy at this place. No provision for 
compensation of a deputy having been made it is of necessity 
that he should depute some person who is otherwise in the 
employ of the government. 
[Compared.] "Jn. Stagg." 

Headquarters, Pittsburgh, August 17, 1792. 

Sir: — I have received the extract of a letter from the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury to the Secretary of War, relative to the 
appointment of an attorney or deputy at Philadelphia, and 



■After the first of next month. 



LETTERS. 249 

the Secretary at War's request that such appointment should 
be immediately made. I cannot conceive that the allusion m 
this Extract can be to you in particular, as the Secretary's 
sentiments on this subject were the same several months 
ago ; nevertheless, your known Integrity merits my confidence. 
Your industry and knowledge of the mode of doing Business 
in the Publick Offices will no doubt entitle you to "such com- 
pensation as may be hereafter thought reasonable " for such 
services as you shall tender in this line. Inclosed you have 
a Letter of attorney that will enable you to receive the neces- 
sary supplies of money for my department. The purchases and 
disbursements will be made occasionally, as may be legally 

ordered. 

I am. Sir, your most humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 
[Saml. Hodgdon, Esq.] 

Headquarters, Pittsburgh, August, 17, 1792. 

Sir:—\ am honored with yours of the 7th instant, inclosing: 
an extract of a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, 
respecting the mode of advancing Supplies in the Quarter- 
master's department. In consequence of a letter received 
from Mr. Hodgdon, and my knowledge of his integrity, I 
have forwarded to him a power-of-attorney, that he may draw 
money on my account, from the Treasury of the United 
States, whenever it may be considered necessary, after the 
first of next month. This is all I feel myself justifiable in 
doing on this subject at present. 

Mr. Belli's letter, dated Lexington, June the 8th, relative 
to forage, was received and answered in due time. I am 
under no apprehension on account of this article, although^ 
on a moderate estimate, the present Establishment will re- 
quire one Hundred Thousand Bushels of Grain annually. He 
17 



250 LETTERS. 

applies to me for an additional sum of money, as the $25,000 
he has received is the exact estimation for Purchase of the 
Cavalry Horses. The purchase of Oxen (in which he has been 
successful), the purchase of forage, his expenditures, the 
necessary assistance and other expenses, do require that he 
should be furnished with Ten Thousand Dollars, at least. I, 
therefore, request that this sum of ten thousand dollars be 
placed in the Hands of Colonel Hodgdon, who will transmit it 
to me by the first good opportunity. 

I find that the Spades and Shovels required in my first 
Estimate have been entirely neglected. They are already in 
demand. I beg they may be forwarded, or part of them, as 
soon as possible. Should the present mode of Transporting 
public stores to this country be continued, every branch of 
the army must suffer not only great inconvenience, but their 
disgrace may be owing to the base speculations of a few un- 
grateful Wagoners, who seem to take pride in abusing that in- 
dulgence they have so often experienced. The high price 
given for carriage is the principal cause of its being so in- 
famously executed. It is engrossed by the most insinuating 
and stowed away until they can trip it, or sell out, at two or 
three Guineas the load ; then no responsible person will 
meddle with it, having been Witnesses to the tricks of those 
undertaken before ; then have I seen Lading pass to the 
fourth hand before it reached this place. The only remedy 
for this growing evil is to reduce the price of Carriage twelve 
per cent. — viz., change the neat to Gross Weight, and cause 
every fellow who has trespassed to be dismissed. The best 
characters will then engage to deliver each load at this place 
in Twenty-five days, or pay four dollars for every day's deten- 
tion after. 

I am, Sir, your most humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. Gen. 
[Honorable Secretary of War.] 



LETTERS. 251 

LETTER TO HIS EXCELLENCY MAJOR-GENERAL 

WAYNE. 

Headquarters, Pittsburgh, August 30, 1792. 
Sir: — I have the honor to inclose you a copy of a letter from 
Captain Haskell, dated at Marietta, the 21st instant, stating 
the disagreeable situation the Troops at that Post and Galli- 
polis are in "for want of clothing" and other necessaries. 

Captain Haskell having made no regular returns of the 
Articles wanted, I beg leave to submit to your Excellency the 
necessity of furnishing him with temporary relief as soon as 
the communication will admit, as I apprehend that those Posts 
are not of such magnitude as will justify the appointment of 
subordinates in either the Quartermaster, Ordnance, or Cloth- 
ing branch of the staff. 

I am, sir, your most humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G, 

LETTER TO MR. ROBERT ELLIOT, CONTRACTOR. 

Headquarters, Miami Villages, October 5, 1792. 

Dear Sir : — We arrived here safe on the 30th and in tolerable 
order, and with Extreme difficulty Barbees Brigade was pre- 
vailed on to go to Greenville for the last Escort, his people 
would not agree to bring any flour on their own Horses, the 
General has, however, wrote him by this Express, requesting 
him to prevail on them to load out. 

It is very unfortunate that your new Horses will not be able 
to join this Escort, as it would complete this Post for a reason- 
able time, and I can assure you, that doing this after the army 
moves, will be very critical. I do not expect General Barbee 
can leave Greenville before the 9th, and were it possible for 
you to have him overtaken at Recovery by Express, I think 



252 LETTERS. 

he would leave a Detachment to bring you on, as you had 
some hopes of being at Greenville on the loth, the whole De- 
tachment could not wait as the army will be again on half 
allowance, notwithstanding all possible dispatch. I have 
ordered Butler to push until he meets you, and should this 
Effort have the desired effect it will be of very great impor- 
tance to the army and to the contractors. The Fort goes on 
rapidly, and I have not the least doubt of the General taking 
up his line of march at all events on the 15th. 

James O'Hara. 

LETTER TO THE HONORABLE THE SECRE- 
TARY OF WAR. 

Pittsburgh, October 19, 1792. 

Sir: — In consequence of a requisition from the Commander- 
in-Chief for a supply of Forage and other articles, I take the 
liberty of representing to you the necessity of having the sum 
of Fifty thousand dollars, at least, advanced for the Quarter- 
master's department and transmitted to me, as soon as conveni- 
ent. Annexed you have an estimate of the Expence that will 
Certainly attend the different Articles therein specified. 

By letters of the 21st and 27th of September from Mr. Belli^ 
I cannot depend on any considerable assistance with Forage 
from the country of Kentucky. I transmitted him ten thou- 
sand Dollars yesterday by Major Rudolph, being the first good 
opportunity. 

The Articles of Boats, mentioned in this estimate, may appear 
to you extraordinary, having so great a number already on hand ; 
they happen to be all at this place, and the Articles required 
are only to be found at a very considerable distance up the 
river Monongahela, and the fiat and unwieldy Construction of 
the Boats preclude every idea of ascending the Stream with 



LETTERS. 253 

them. I shall, therefore, be oblig'd to procure others, more 
Convenient to the Cargoes. Colonel Hodgdon will wait on 
you, and should the present demand of Fifty thousand dollars 
meet your approbation, he will receive the Money as my Agent, 
and forward it soon as may be in his power. 
I have the honour to be, sir, 

Your most obedient humble servant, 

James O'Hara. 

War Department, October 26, 1792. 

Sir: — Your letter of the 19th instant has been received, con- 
taining a requisition for fifty thousand dollars for the objects 
specified. This request will be considered and transmitted 
to the treasury. 

You will please to transmit to this office immediately a re- 
turn of the pack-horses, oxen, carts and wagons in service, 
and the objects for and places at which they are employed. 
It will also be necessary that you transmit the objects for 
which the five hundred pack-horses mentioned in your esti- 
mate are destined. Mr. Belli, expecting his letter would come 
through the wilderness, transmitted a duplicate open of his 
letter to you of the 21st September, but as you have received 
the first I have retained the duplicate. 

It is necessary that you should monthly transmit to me an 
abstract specifying generally the objects and amount of your 
payments. You will for the past exhibit a general abstract. * 
It is not expected that this should be precise or accompanied 
with vouchers, but to serve as a general index of the expen- 
ditures. 

I am, sir, your very humble servant, 

H. Knox. 



254 LETTERS. 

LETTER TO THE HONORABLE THE SECRE- 
TARY OF WAR. 

Pittsburgh, December 14, 1792. 

Sir: — My being absent on .several post clays past, deprived 
me of the pleasure of acknowledging the receipt of the 9th 
ult. sooner. Please to accept of my sincere thanks for your 
particular attention to my last requisition for money. I am 
perfectly satisfied with the sum Advanced to my agent, as the 
ease and facility with which it may be transmitted appears now 
so obvious, that I shall certainly prefer drawing occasional 
supplies to having a large sum in my possession at one time, 
and therefore do dispense with any further application until 
necessity requires it. 

The whole amount advanced for my department appears, 
by your statement to be One hundred and seven thousand 
Dollars. I am not informed how the Odd seven thousand were 
drawn, but presume they will be accounted for in the proper 
place. Twenty yoke of Oxen, mentioned in my return of the 
2d of November, are all that have been in service. Mr. Belli's 
letter of the 21st of September informs that "some are used 
at the outposts and some engaged in carrying Forage from 
headcjuarters to Fort Hamilton," and answer very well. I ex- 
pected to have in my power to give you more satisfaction on 
this subject in the course of this Winter; having purchased 
ten yokes for the use of our new camp at Legionville. I never 
had any doubt of their performing well in Draft, but they 
come too high in this country, to purchase more than the 
number necessary for present use. A particular abstract of 
Major Craig's expenditures is now enclosed, by which you 
will be able to form an idea of the charges incidental to the 
department, exclusive of the necessary preparations. 

Captain Pryor, with sixteen Indians, three squaws and three 



LETTERS. 255 

interpreters, arrived here on the 7th, and proceeded on their 
way to Philadelphia on the 12th, all on horseback. I inclose 
a statement of their Expences from Marietta and at this place, 
which you will find to be very extravagant, owing principally 
to the dissipation of the Interpreters, who, I am well convinced, 
will afford you very little satisfaction, especially Mayo and Jaco 
are the greatest Ruffians I ever saw, and I am sorry to find 
that Captain Pryor conceives it his duty to indulge them in 
all their excesses at public expence. You have (inclosed) my 
instructions to Mr. Sallender, a French gentleman, well 
recommended, as a proper person to furnish the Indians on 
the road. He is to remain with them in Philadelphia or 
return immediately to this place, as you may think proper. 
The four hundred dollars advanced being considered insuf- 
ficient by Captain Pryor, I gave him one hundred more, which 
he has promised to settle at the war office. You will also 
receive a copy of Mr. Belli's letter of the 28th of October, 
from Fort Washington, all his wants regretted in this letter 
were supplied by Major Rudolph, being the first good oppor- 
tunity. Rudolph's pilot is returned, and brings letters late as 
the 14th ult., which you will probably see before this reaches 
you ; however, I take the liberty of giving you an Extract, 
which states particularly the number of horses we lost on the 
6th of November before Fort St. Clair. The Commander-in 
Chief has got his troops very comfortably encamped, and the 
prospect of forage and provisions is very favorable. I intend 
taking the advantage of the present open weather, to send off 
fourteen boats loaded with Forage, to Fort Washington ; my 
principal motive for pushing on this quantity at this uncertain 
season is, the hopes of making our boats as useful as they 
should be in the Spring; could I preserve them, which I ap- 
prehend will be so very difficult and uncertain, that I am of 
opinion it will be very proper to have twenty new boats ready 



256 LETTERS. 

to launcli for the reception of the Troops in March, as soon 
after as may be necessary. 

I have the honour to be, your most obedient servant, 

James O'Hara, 0. M. G. 

Head Quarters, Legion ville, February 12, 1793. 
Sir: — I have been Favor'cl with your letter of the 5th instant, 
enclosing a general statement of forage purchased, a state- 
ment of cash, with an Estimate of boats wanted for the ensu- 
ing campaign ; and have received a general return of Quarter- 
master's stores on hand the 20th of July, 1792, received since, 
issued and on hand up to the ist February, 1793. If you 
have not already done it, I have to request that you will 
transmit a copy of it to the Secretary of War the soonest 
possible. I have examined your Estimate of boats, out of the 
twelve that you have calculated for the transportation of 
2,000 men with their Arms, baggage and provisions sufhcient ; 
we ought not to calculate upon a greater number of men than 
fifty to each boat, and I have seen it demonstrated that your 
large ferry-boat would not carry more than twenty horses 
and men across the Allegheny at one trip, with the men and 
horses all standing up and without forage. I should rather 
suppose it would require twelve boats to transport 160 horses 
and cattle, with the riders, drivers and necessary forage, so 
as not to crowd or injure the horses or cattle, and it will cer- 
tainly require at least eight boats for the Artillery department. 
By the best calculation that I can make, it will require at 
least sixty boats, independent of those necessary for the 
Quartermaster's department — what number that may require, 
you are the best judge. The whole amount of the grain part 
of the forage ought most certainly to be procured, and the 
deficiency in hay to be made up by an additional quantity of 
grain, in the proportion of one thousand bushels of Corn for 



LETTERS. 257 

every ton of Hay, which is upon the very lowest scale of 
allowance per ration, i.e., 14 pounds of hay and 7 quarts of 
corn. Enclosed is a return of articles immediately wanted, 
and which must be forwarded, if possible, to-morrow. All 
our smiths and armourers are idle for want of coal ; the con- 
sumption is, at least, equal I0 five bushels per diem ; we have 
made and used upwards of 150 bushels of charcoal besides the 
stone coal ; the whole is now exhausted. We shall want 150 
bushels per month. What will be the best mode of forward- 
ing the troops under Captain Slough .'' Their tents, if any, 
may be stored at Pittsburgh ; their other baggage may be 
sent by water, and the Detachment to be ferried over the 
Allegheny to-morrow and march the next morning early for 
this place, where they will be immediately under cover. You 
will, therefore, give the necessary orders, in addition to those 
enclosed for Captain Slough. 

I am. Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, 

Anty. Wayne. 
[To James O'Hara, O. M. G., Pittsburgh.] 

Legion viLLE, March 26, 1793. 

Sir: — I have the honor to enclose you an estimate of 
money, absolutely necessary for carrying the orders of the 
Commander-in-Chief into immediate effect; exclusive of 
^18,000 lately drawn by Mr. Hodgdon, being very apprehen- 
sive that Mr. Belli has involved the department at Fort 
Washington, of which I can make no estimate at present. 
On the 15th inst., I received orders to prepare for transport- 
ing the whole of the troops to Fort Washington. I had not 
one boat fit for the purpose, at that time ; however, they shall 
be ready on the day appointed ; and the forge will be com- 
plete, agreeable to the orders of September 10. 

I hope Mr. Hodgden will meet no difficulty in having at 



258 LETTERS. 

least $60,000 forwarded to me as soon as possible, that I may 
be enabled to furnish the necessary transportation and sup- 
port on your first and best principle for ready money only. 
My accounts for the present Quarter, with general returns, 
will be presented at the Treasury by the next post, and in 
future they shall be particularly attended to, agreeable to 
your instructions. 

I have reason to apprehend that the ground on which Fort 
Fayette is erected has not been patented. When this work 
was begun by Major Craig, the property was in the Penns, 
and he informs me that he applied for a performance of their 
moderate terms at the war office, and proceeded considering 
the ground as public property. The lots are in George 
Wood's Plan of the Town of Pittsburgh, numbers 55, 56, 57, 
58, 91, 92, 93 and 94. Should any citizen take out Deeds for 
those lots and persist in their right, perhaps five times the 
purchase money must come out of the public treasury for the 
property by the common law. I therefore request that those 
deeds be immediately applied for in the name of the United 
States. 

Mr. Anthony Butler is the late Proprietor's present agent 
and has full power to convey. 

I have the honor to be your most obedient and very 
humble servant, James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 

[The Honourable the Secretary of War.] 

War Department, April 6, 1793. 

Sir: — I have just received your letter of the 26th of 
March last, with the list of articles enclosed, these shall be 
duly considered and application made to the Secretary of the 
Treasury for the necessary funds to be placed in your hands. 
The purchase of the lots on which P'ort Fayette stands shall 



LETTERS. 259 

be taken into consideration and such order taken thereon as 

shall appear to be authorized by the laws. 

I am, sir, your humble servant, 

H. Knox, 

Sccretmy of War. 
[James O'Hara, O. M. G.] 

War Department, April 12, 1793. 

Sir: — I have received your letter of the 6th, inst. You will 
receive in a few days after this letter such proportion of the 
monies you have required to the ist of July, as the Secretary 
of the Treasury and myself shall judge sufficient, with an 
assurance of a further supply from time to time as shall be 
judged necessary. 

Your deputy, Mr. Belli, is here, and has presented his 
accounts to the treasury for settlement for whatever sum he 
shall produce, proper vouchers will be credited to your ac- 
count. Before you descend the Ohio it will be indispensable 
that your accounts and vouchers to the close of the last year, 
shall be presented to the treasury for settlement. 

Major Craig speaks of a balance due Turnbull and Marmie 
for the rent of this magazine, due before your administration. 
This account you will pay if reasonable, and charge the same 
in your account in consequence of this order. 

I am, sir, with respect, your very humble servant, 

Knox. 
[James O'Hara, Esq., Quartermaster General]. 

Headquarters, S. W. Branch of Miami, Oct. 23, 1793. 

Sir : — In obedience to the orders and instructions received 
from the Secretary at War on the 25th of May, 1792, direct- 
ing me if there should be any defect in the transportation or 
supplies of provision (on the part of the Contractors) to 



260 LETTERS. 

make instant arrangements, at the public expense, to remedy 
the evil, in order to prevent any injury to the service. That 
defect having actually taken place as far as relates to the 
Contractor's means of transport, which is not more than one- 
half equal to the daily supplies and the necessary deposits 
ordered in advance at the respective posts and garrisons. 
You, as Quartermaster-General, will immediately purchase 
in behalf of the Public, and add 250 pack horses and 30 pair 
of oxen or 60 wagon horses to the Contractor's present 
means of transport, and for which this shall be your warrant 
and authority. 

Ant. Wayne. 
[James O'Hara, Esq., O. M. G. of the Legion.] 

LETTER TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE COM- 
MANDER-IN-CHIEF. 

Philadelphia, April 3, 1794. 

Sir: — I embrace this first opportunity to inform you of my 
progress in forwarding the necessary supplies for the Legion 
for the present year, and of expressing my regrets for the 
unavoidable delay attending it, being well aware of your 
solicitude for the regular support of the Army. I could not, 
with propriety, receive money nor permission to purchase 
until a few days ago, the Appropriation Bill having passed 
into a law, the business was immediately attended to by the 
Secretary of War and the Treasury. The stores and articles 
required to be taken from this place are now preparing, and 
those required from the Western country shall be forwarded 
agreeable to the enclosed schedules regular as possible. The 
sheet of bar iron, stationery and tents are under way. 

Enclosed you will receive a general estimate of money 
required for use of the Quartermaster Department for the 



LETTERS. 261 

present year, to which no kind of objections has been made. 
Of this I have this day drawn $30,000. One half I send Mr. 
Belli by Mr. Carpenter ; the remainder I shall also send on 
in a few days. You have been informed of the fate of the 
Army Bill in Senate, it is again brought forward and certain 
means will be adopted to complete the Legion, at least the 
old and obstinate opposition becoming more and more con- 
founded, and the spirit to stimulate daily increasing, the 
effects that those changes may produce will be indebted to 
the universal approbation of your proceedings in the Indian 
country. 

.The Secretary of War informed me yesterday that he had 
received returns of Hospital and Military stores required and 
that they should be immediately ordered. The clothing is in 
a very fair way, and five months' pay is preparing at bank. I 
will go on in the course of next week. My accounts being 
before the Comptroller free from all appearance of difficulty, 
I hope to get from this place in ten days, and as procuring 
and purchasing supplies on the Ohio will require some time 
to meet your Excellency's particular commands, either to 
attend to the execution of that duty or repair to the Army 
with such other orders as you may think necessary, would 
relieve me from great anxiety in case of active operations. 
I wish to be with you, otherwise I may be well employed 
elsewhere until your supplies are better secured. We daily 
wait the pleasure of hearing from you, in the meantime you 
may be assured that every thing in my power shall be done 
to support the department and accommodate the Legion. 
I have the honor to be sir, your most obedient servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 



262 LETTERS. 

Headquarters, Greenville, June 29, 1794. 

Sir: — Since my letter of the 25th inst., I have received 
despatches and papers from the Secretary of War down to 
the 4th of this month ; the intelligence therein mentioned 
will require some artillery and stores, which together with all 
such articles as may be necessary in your department must 
be forwarded the soonest possible. All the packhorses and 
cattle belonging to your department and that of the Con- 
tractor's, may be forwarded under the escort that is directed 
to be formed at Fort Washington in the course of three or 
four days, viz. : all the soldiers in that garrison fit for active 
service that can possibly be spared, the regular Dragoons 
under Captain Thomas Lewis and Cornet Blew, all the volun- 
teers that Captain Kibby can bring forward agreeably to his 
instructions and ready to advance with the Convoy on or 
before the 5th of July ; to these will probably be added 
twenty Choctaw Indians, who are now on their way to Head- 
Ouarters, and who had arrived at Lexington on the 21st inst. 
You will probably have to purchase horses or good ox teams 
for the artillery and Tumbrils, which must be loaded with shot 
and shells agreeably to the invoice with which Captain 
Henley will be furnished ; these last articles are to come 
forward under the immediate escort of Major General Scott; 
who you will please to furnish with four Harremen's tents and 
thirty common tents, and with forty packhorses, taking- 
receipts for the same to be accounted for at the close of the 
campaign. All the horses belonging to both your own and 
the Contractor's departments are, and will be, fully employed 
in front. 

Great caution must be observed in the next escort and con- 
voy, as it would appear that the enemy are meditating a 
serious blow at some quarter. The opinion of our red allies 
is that they are now advancing to attack the Legion. 



LETTERS. 263 

I had sent out three select parties, composed of Indians and 
spies, in order to take prisoners and make discoveries of the 
situation, force and design of the enemy, two of these parties 
are yet out. The other, consisting of forty-five Choctaws and 
ten of our best spies, were drove back to camp yesterday, by 
vastly superior numbers, according to the Choctaws' account, 
who lost one of their people at a place called Girtey's Town, 
on the St. Mary's, thirty miles advanced of this place, in a 
direct line towards Grand Glaize, and a few miles to the east 
of Fort Recovery, for which post Major McMahon marched 
this morning, at reveille, with a good detachment, having under 
his escort a large number of horses loaded with supplies. 
Perhaps the enemy may endeavor to prevent his progress, in 
that case his orders are to charge and cut his way through 
them to Recovery, regardless of number. 

Then I shall endeavor to draw the attention of the enemy 
from our escort in the rear, and to create a jealousy for their 
own safety, as well as for that of their women and children. 
In the return you will give directions for improving every 
moment in forwarding corn to Fort Hamilton by every possible 
means. It would also be necessary to purchase a reserve of 
at least three hundred packhorses, to be ready in Kentucky 
at a moment's warning. Apropos, the war has assumed so 
new and so serious a complexion as not to admit of Mr. Bel- 
li's absence in furlough ; on the contrary, he ought to remain 
at Fort Washington, and you ought to be with the Legion, 
together with an able assistant ; you have nobody at this 
place but the most trifling thing, whose utmost stretch of 
abilities will not reach across the Counter. 

You will please to inform the Contractor that his means 
of transport at this place is not half adequate to the purpose. 
. I also hope and trust that your own will be at least double 



264 LETTERS. 

to what it now is at Greenville. Wishing you a speedy and 

safe arrival, 

I am, Sir, your most obedient and humble servant, 

AxTV. Wayne. 
[To James O'Hara, O. M. General] 

Heajjquarters, Greenville, July 26th, 1794. 
S/r: — Yesterday I received yours, dated the i ith June, which 
I presume was wrote on the nth inst. Garner's dispatches 
have not yet come to hand. I have no objections to your 
progress in procuring Forage, and wish it all safe at Fort 
Washington ; you are informed before this time of the ample 
state of our granaries, and in order to relieve you from the 
trouble of forwarding corn in the dry season, you will please 
to purchase no more for this country until further notice. I 
wrote you on the 14th and 21st, wherein I complain of want 
of bags, and of the delay of Sundry Articles of the depart- 
ment, which 1 expect will be remedied as soon as possible. 
My calculation respecting the volunteers was perfectly right, 
upwards of 1,500 are now actually cooperating with the Legion. 
General Scott arrived yesterday, and a forward move will be 
made in two days. Since my last several reconnoitering 
parties have returned from the Towns. Mr. Wells, one of our 
Spies, and his small party, brought in a Pocotawatomi, who was 
in the action of the 30th June ; annexed you have the purport 
of his information; he was taken at Grand Glaize, July 21st, 
1794, and being examined, says that by every account of the 
Delawares from Roche de Bout, the British have from fifteen 
to twenty pieces of Cannon at that place. That the British 
called upon all the Indian Nations to bring on all their warri- 
ors, and that they would bring more British soldiers than they 
could bring Warriors altogether. This was one moon before 
the action at Fort Recovery. The Indians having prepared 



LETTERS. 265 

for war told the British to raise their Strong Arm and come 
on ; their answer was to proceed and go on before, and they 
would wait with their Strong Arm to strike the Americans who 
were expected to come the other way, and strike them in the 
rear after the Indians would go to the war. That at the attack 
made on Fort Recovery on the 30th of June, there were of 
the Shawnese 160 warriors, Delawares 160, Wyandots 130, Six 
Nations 100, Pocotawatomies 40, Thawas 170, Chippewas 700, 
Miamis yd), Eel River 8-86-1,654, and in addition to them 
650 had joined them after they were beat. Mathew Elliot 
and young McKee, a British officer, brought on four Matrosses 
and Ammunition, to batter the Fort, as soon as they could find 
the Cannon, that were hid by the Indians after General St. 
Clair's defeat, but were disappointed, as the cannon had been 
taken away. That the great man of Canada ordered them to 
go and take the first Fort and pass on and take all to the river, 
to overset General Wayne's army and roll them into the Ohio. 
The Indians thought their numbers equal to the Task, but 
were soon convinced of their mistake. He cannot tell the 
number of Indians killed before Fort Recovery ; the Indians 
carried off all their dead, except a few that lay too near the 
fort, in the course of the night after the Assault. He only saw 
of the killed nine Shawnese, six Pocotawatomies, ten Chippe- 
was, two Wyandots and about sixteen Tawawas — the latter 
suffered most. There was a great number of Wounded carried 
off on horseback, and a number on biers, who are since dead. 
The Chippewas and Tawawas, and all the other Nations secrete 
their dead, nor do they like to talk of them, nor let one nation 
know how many another had lost. The Chippewas and Ta- 
wawas put their wounded in Boats at Grand Glaize, and went 
off immediately by water, disgusted and angry with the Shaw- 
nese, whom they suspected of having fired on their rear whilst 
attacking the Fort, they were jealous of the other Nations 



266 LETTERS. 

and all the other Nations were jealous of them in consequence 
of mutual reproach for bad conduct during the engagement. 

The Shawnese, Delawares and Miamis are very uneasy 
for their situation ; the general opinion was they would be 
obliged to abandon their Country, as they cannot expect any 
further assistance from the Chippewas or Tawawas ; their 
attention is totally absorbed in attending to the safety of their 
women and children, whom they were determined to move 
off (as soon as the army advanced) to Detroit, and up the Bear 
Creek branch of the Miami. 

That the fort, built by the British at Roche de Bout, is a 
plain Stockade, comprehending all McKee's houses and stores. 

Being present at the examination of this prisoner, I am of 
opinion that his answers to the General's queries were very 
candid. He was taken within sight of the house at Au 
Glaize ; he was the seventh on hand. A variety of circum- 
stances correspond to confirm a belief that the Indians must 
have sustained very considerable loss in Warriors. Before Fort 
Recovery three bodies have been found in the Woods, making 
the number thirteen, and the information of the Pocotawatami 
is corroborated in some measure from other quarters. My 
prospect of supporting the Quartermaster Department with 
general approbation are very flattering ; the Legion and 
auxiliaries are in good spirits and well supplied, and you may 
be perfectlv assured that we shall be in possession of Grand 
Glaize and Roche de Bout before the 15th of next month. 

July 27th.— The General beats to-morrow morning instead 
of the Reveille — the whole army is ready to move in the 
most complete order at sunrise, and you may expect to be 
informed of an end being put to the business of war in this 
quarter and of Simcoe's* retrograde or defeat by my next 
letter. I am, etc., 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 

* Governor of Canada. 



LETTERS. 267 

It is a fact that upwards of twenty of our Chickasaws fell 
in with the rear of the enemy and killed a number undis- 
covered. 
[To Isaac Craig, Esq., July 26, 1794.] 

Headquarters, Grand Glaize, Sept. 11, 1794. 

Sir: — The enclosed letter to Elliot & Williams, with its 
enclosures will show you the present disagreeable and criti- 
cal situation of the army, and the measures that I have been 
compelled to adopt, in order to hold possession of the country 
and prevent a famine. 

After perusing those letters, which are necessary for your 
nformation, you will seal and deliver them to Mr. Elliot. I 
much fear that he has been deceived by his Agents as to Cattle, 
Horses, etc.; if upon a free communication with him you find 
this to be the case and that he cannot throw in the supplies 
demanded, in the course of four weeks from and after the 
loth instant, you are then, in behalf of the United States, to 
make the necessary purchases of Cattle, Horses, etc., in order 
to supply the defect, of which you will keep a separate and 
fair account, to be settled at the treasury with the Contractors 
at a future day. In the interim you will forward as great a 
quantity of whiskey as practicable, as the public are greatly 
in arrears with the Legion, and volunteers with the Legion 
in particular, who have been on half allowance of flour for 
five weeks past and for these fifteen days on constant fatigue in 
rendering Fort Defiance impregnable to the force of Artillery 
and for which I have promised them, by way of a small com- 
pensation, one gill of whiskey per diem per man, when on 
this necessary fatigue and on short allowance. 

I expect to march from this place on the 13th and to reach 
the Miami village on the i8th, in the evening, if not 
attacked by the combined force of the Enemy, whose long 



268 LETTERS. 

silence and great prospects of a powerful re-inforcement from 
the Lakes renders that event not improbable, add to this 
that our force will be much reduced by the absence of Gene- 
ral Barbee's brigade and the garrison of Defiance ; we shall, 
however, push hard for victor}'. 

Interim, I am your most 
Hum. serv't., 

Antv. Wayne. 
[Col. James O'Hara, O. M. G.] 

Fort Washington, Oct. i6, 1794. 

S/r: — I had the honor to write you from Greenville by Cap- 
tain Gibson on the i8th, informing your Excellency of my 
great disappointment in finding the Horses on the way to Head- 
quarters, to be under the one-fourth part of the number ex- 
pected. General Barbee having but 38 instead of 300, and 
only 144 by Captain Gibson, instead of 400 as reported to 
you, on the 9th by Express and of the surprising deficiency of 
flour at Greenville, being 44,000 Rations instead of 120,000, by 
the same report. At Fort Hamilton the state of the Wagons 
was as suspected, not one to be found, nor the least informa- 
tion respecting them. 

On my arrival here yesterday morning I met Mr. George 
Wilson, the Contractor's principal agent, setting out for Head- 
quarters, and wasted the remainder of the day in prevailing 
on him to postpone this extraordinary journey, and in fruit- 
less Altercations Notwithstanding the most liberal, pointed 
and repeated orders from Mr. Elliot, and the most solemn 
promises on his part, to have 500 Pack-horses at this place on 
the ist instant, to continue purchasing until further orders, 
and to have 1200 Head of Cattle on the 15th. He has deceived 
his employers and involved the Army in a very serious scene 
indeed. He has not one Beef nor satisfactory information 



LETTERS. 



269 



respecting any, and only one hundred Horses at this place ; 
and his apologies are if possible more criminal than his 
delinquencies. He asserts, that he had received neither 
instructions nor funds for any such purposes. That the con- 
tractor's bill had not credit. That Bank notes would not pass. 
That the price of Horses was too high, and on each of these 
ungenerous subterfuges being clearly confuted by my certain 
knowledge of the reverse, and after my offer of money and 
personal assistance to support the Contract agreeable to your 
requisitions, he concluded by declaring that the Horses could 
not be got in the state of Kentucky by any means whatever. 
The most favorable construction that can be put on this man's 
conduct is, that he has fallen into the fashionable error of 
thinking for others, and that the Army must return to Fort 
Hamilton and this Post, but his arrangements are deficient 
even in this case. On perceiving that I had determined to have 
five hundred Horses immediately brought forward for the Con- 
tractors, Mr. Wilson offered his service and actually promised 
to procure them in fourteen days, or, " in as short time as any 
man living could." 

This inconsistency induced me to inform him that he 
could no longer be confided in, being alone culpable for all the 
consequences of his deception and neglect. An Express was 
dispatched on my arrival to forward a number of cattle, said 
to be at George Town. I shall receive two hundred horses on 
the 1 8th which shall be kept in motion ; the purchase of these 
Horses was deferred, that they might not interfere with the 
first purchase ordered by the Contractors. One hundred were 
this day collected and sent to load at Hamilton, to proceed to 
Headquarters ; this is all the visible means of assistance in 
my power at present, but I beg you to be perfectly assured that 
not one moment shall be omitted in removing your present 
Anxiety— of which I am very sensible— and of relieving my- 



270 LETTERS. 

self from very uncommon perplexity. The wagons I have 
engaged to load and start from Hamilton on the 20th, having 
ensured them regular Escorts. 

In order to keep the business of the contract as separate 
from my department as possible, I have furnished Mr. Wilson 
with money to assist my Agents in the purchase of five hun- 
dred Horses for the Contractors, and have instructed them in 
such a manner as cannot fail of success. 

Mr. Samuel Culberson, one of the Contractor's agents, has 
charge of the horses now setting off. I expect he will be at 
Recovery on the 22d, and will give you all the candid infor- 
mation in his power, relating to the subject of this letter, hav- 
ing heard the disputes and equivocations to which it alludes. 
The state of provisions at the different Posts were October 
1 2th, at Fort Adams, 600 lbs. flour, and 2 head of cattle. At 
Fort Recovery, as stated by Lieut. Drake, Oct. 13th, at Green- 
ville, 720 lbs. flour and 20 cattle. At Fort St. Clair, 48 bbls. 
of flour, 30 lbs. of beef. 14th, at Fort Hamilton, 3,500 bar- 
rels and 1,300 kegs flour. The 15th, at Fort Washington, 1,000 
barrels of flour and 40 barrels salt. 

I am Sir, Obt. Hbl. Servt. 
James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 
[His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief.] 

Headquarters, Miami Villages, October 17, 1794. 
Messrs. Elliot and Williams. 

Gentlemen : — As contractors for supplying the Legion and 
the Western posts, you are to make immediate and effectual 
provision for 3,640 daily issues of complete rations until the 
first day of January, 1795, inclusively of 327,600 rations of good 
and wholesome provisions always in advance. The meat kind 
to be well and carefully salted and cured and the whole properly 



LETTERS. 



271 



housed and stored in the following proportions, places and 
deposits, viz. : 

ist at Fort Washington 
2d at Fort Steuben . 
3d at Fort Massac . 
4th at Fort Knox 
5th at Fort Hamilton 
6th at Fort St. Clair . 
7th at Fort Jefferson 
8th at Greenville 
9th at Fort Recovery 
loth at Fort Adams . 
nth at the Miami Villages 
1 2th at Fort Defiance (Grand Glaize) 
13th at Pique Town, (Chilacothe) 
14th at Lormies' Stores, N. Branch 
1 5th at the old Tawa towns 
Au Glaize . 

Total 3,640 daily issues, and in advance 327.600. 

You will please to observe that none of the posts on the 
waters of the upper parts of the Ohio are mentioned, because 
the late commotions in the vicinity of Pittsburgh may 
eventually occasion material alterations, therefore, you will 
receive orders from the Secretary of War with respect to 
rations at those posts. The season for curing provisions 
being now arrived, you have not one moment to lose in 
making the necessary arrangements. The general interest of 
the United States, the security of the Frontier Inhabitants 
and the retention of the posts and country we have recently 
acquired, as well as your own interest and reputation, depend 
upon your punctual and faithful compliance with these orders 





Daily 
Issues. 


Rations 


300 


27,000 




100 


9,000 




100 


9,000 




100 


9,000 




100 


9,000 




60 


5,400 




60 


5,400 




1,500 


135,000 




100 


9,000 




60 


5,400 




— 


54,000 


) - 


2,700 


100 


900 


60 


5,400 


100 


— 




100 


9,000 



2/2 LETTERS. 

and instructions. Hence I have thought it my duty to direct 
and order the Quartermaster-General, Colonel O'Hara, to 
supply any defect that may appear or happen upon your part 
and at }'our expense in behalf of the United States, to be 
settled at the Treasury at a future day ; and he is furnished 
with a copy of this letter accordingly. With a sincere hope, 
wish and desire that you may be able to comply with those 
orders in due season, 

I am, gentlemen, 
Your most obedient, humble servant, 

Anthony Wayne, 

Camp Site of the Miami Villages, October i8, 1794. 
Sir: — I have a moment only in which to inclose a return of 
the provisions on hand this day and to tell you that Laselles' 
brother has been here and carried him off yesterday. I 
received him in the double Capacity of Spy and negotiator, 
being suffered to go at large. He witnessed the retreat of 
the volunteers and reconnoitered our Camp and fortifications. 
He gave us much good talk with apparent sincerity and is 
sanguine in his expectations of peace. The great exception 
which I make to him is on the score of his talks, which were 
all too good. The strongest circumstance picked out of him 
was that Simcoe, McKee and Brandt, with 100 Mohawks, 
landed at the post Miami on the 30th inst., direct from 
Niagara, and proceeded from thence with all the chiefs of 
this route to a grand Council now acting at the mouth of the 
Strait. Of what is this indicative ? Peace or War ? I say the 
latter, else why Brandt and his warriors. It appears to me 
that the pursuit of Peace by this route is not only enormously 
expensive but will eventuate in disappointment. Recollect 
that the transport of Army supplies by land has its limit, 
beyond which practicability ceases, and that the savages have 



LETTERS. 273 

behind them great space in which to retire before us. It 
would in two years produce a saving of one million of dollars 
and secure the object sought, did the government now deter- 
mine to abandon this Route and put their whole force by 
Presqu' isle. You may have peace by the mediation of the 
British or by expelling them from the territory of the Miami. 
This last is the only mode in which to break the shackles in 
which the savages are now held. Here are some crude ideas 
for you and how do you like them ? I will thank you very 
much if you will be so good as to order six tons of good Hay 
to be procured for me. 

Dear sir, yours, J. Wilkinson. 

[Colonel O'Hara.] 

Headquarters, Miami Villages, October 10, 1794. 
Sir: — The unfortunate death of Mr. Robert Elliott, the act- 
ing contractor at this crisis, will render more defective and 
greatly derange that department, already but too defective 
and deranged ; so much so as to hold up nothing but famine 
to the army and' the western Posts. Under this alarming 
situation and circumstance and the pressure of famine hard 
upon us, it becomes my duty to remedy those defects without 
a single moment's loss of time in the best manner possible. 
You will therefore proceed to Fort Washington immediately, 
visiting the respective Posts on the way, taking an invoice of 
the stores belonging to the Contractors ^t each place and at 
Fort Washington, together with the means of transport, for- 
warding without a moment's delay as great a supply of flour, 
salt and cattle as every means of transport in your own de- 
partment, as well as that of the contractors will enable you 
to do, for which purpose I have ordered a detachment of 
Dragoons and riflemen under the command of Captain Gibson 
as far as Greenville to escort the convoy to this place. You 



274 LETTERS. 

are not unacquainted with the small stock and state of pro- 
visions at this place — say, eight days' rations only, hence the 
indispensable necessity of dispatch. I will furnish you with 
a particular list of Posts and the quantum of supplies re- 
quisite for each by the first favorable opportunity ; and for 
the present only mention in gross the rations necessary for 
the army from Fort Washington to the head of the line until 
the first of April next, viz., 555,000 complete rations, which 
will be three months in advance, exclusive of the daily issues ; 
but should the Legion be completed, it will require at least 
800,000 rations up to that day, by which time it is to be pre- 
sumed proper arrangements will be made at the treasury for 
the regular supply of the Army. You will please to keep fair 
and particular accounts with the Contractors in behalf of the 
public of all expenditures made for the supply of this Army, 
and if upon obtaining all the returns or invoices of provisions 
and stores belonging to the contractors from this Post to Fort 
Washington, inclusive, you should find any deficiency, you 
are immediately to supply the defect by purchase of horses, 
cattle, flour, etc., as may be found deficient in the Contractor's 
department, which you will make in behalf of the public and 
for which this shall be your warrant. You will please to con- 
sult with the Contractor's principal agent upon this interest- 
ing subject and show him their instructions, offering him at 
the same time every assistance in your power to enable him 
to comply with the Contract of his principals, but you are not 
to relax in obtaining the supplies whenever you discover a de- 
ficiency; let me hear from you upon this interesting subject 
the soonest possible. 

Wishing you every possible success, I am with sincere 
esteem, 

Your most obedient humble servant, 

Anthony Wayne. 
[Colonel James O'Hara, O. M. G.] 



LETTERS, 275 

Cincinnati, October 23, 1794. 
Sii': — -I had the Honor to write you on the 17th, by Pierce 
& Butler Express, informing your Excellency of the state I 
found the business of the Contractors on my arrival here, 
and my prospects of further supplies for the Army, which I 
hope you received. I shall have 200 very good Horses start 
this morning for Greenville with corn, 100 of the Contractors 
with flour, and upwards of 100 beeves, purchased by Mr. 
Wilson on his way to Kentucky, having yet heard of no part 
of his former purchases being on the way. Enclosed you have 
part of the correspondence that took place with the agent of 
the Contractors on his departure to Kentucky, by which you 
will perceive the difficulty that subsists in transacting this 
business, and of my arrangements for forcing forward the 
provisions. Mr. Day is the only agent present, he generally 
answers all my inquiries and requisitions by sublime stric- 
tures on men and measures, he writes to your Excellency by 
this opportunity. The clothing ordered on the 4th is safely 
arrived and stored at Fort Hamilton, in complete order, and 
the whole may be taken to Greenville by the wagons next 
trip, being in all thirty-three loads at 1,500 each. Should your 
Excellency approve of this most convenient and speedy 
method of transporting the clothing, the return of the 
wagons must be engaged by the Quartermaster, and such 
escort as you may please to order, made known to the owner ; 
this will not be interfering with the business of the con- 
tractors, being of the terms agreed on between Mr. Elliott 
and myself on their second trip from Hamilton. As the Beef 
ordered for the Miami village and for Fort Defiance, which 
will require 300 head, is not ready, nor a sufficient number of 
Horses, which ought to be 400, and as I presume your Excel- 
lency intends that the whole should go under one escort, I 
have directed the public horses to return to Fort Hamilton 



276 LETTERS. 

for another Cargo of Corn, the contractors may load with flour 
until the Cattle arrives. The Contractors have at this 
moment about 300 Horses on the line fit for service, should 
it appear to you that the number of 500 ordered in addition, 
is more than will be necessary I beg to be informed, as the 
purchase may yet be curtailed, and be assured that your 
further orders shall be most cheerfully executed. 

I am with sincere esteem, 
Your Excellency's obedient servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 

Cincinnati, October 29, 1794. 

Sir: — I received yours of the i8th with packet for the Sec- 
retary of War, and for the Contractor, late last evening, by a 
Sergeant of Dragoons, who cannot account for the uncommon 
delay of those dispatches, which I apprehend will in some 
measure interfere with your Excellency's orders respecting 
the convoy that ought to advance from Greenville by the 
route of Girty's Town ; however, I am in hopes that Major 
Buell has received your instructions in due time to support 
that arrangement. 

I had the honor to write you on the 17th by Butler & Pierce, 
and on the 23d by Campbell Express from this place, and 
having heard of neither since their departure, I enclose you 
a copy of my last, no material addition being since made, 
either in beef or means of transportation. You have enclosed 
a copy of a letter from Mr. George Wilson, the Contractor's 
agent, dated on the 20th, at Lexington. The cattle and 
horses promised by this letter are yet expected, one small 
drove of Cattle having only arrived on the 23d, which joined 
those mentioned in my letter of that date. He is mistaken 
in his statement of the number of horses on hand the 17th 
instant, fit for service, which Mr. Culberson, Superintendent 
of the Contractor's horses, can clearly explain. 



LETTERS. 277 

The mysterious and obstinate conduct of the Contractor's 
agent, and of Mr. Day in particular, who has assumed the 
sole control of that department, renders my present situation 
extremely disagreeable and delicate. It appears very evident 
that he wishes no supplies to be furnished in front of Fort 
Hamilton ; he on the most ungenerous, ill-founded and avowed 
prejudices, not only refuses to give the least information 
respecting his arrangements and prospects,but also endeavors 
to move on such supplies as were in his power, without my 
knowledge, and consequently irregular ; protesting against all 
interference that has been or may be attempted, relative to 
the business of the contract, and instructs others to do so 
likewise. I take the liberty of annexing an extract of his 
orders to Mr. Carousay, Agent and Commissary at Fort Ham- 
ilton, per example : 

" Remember well that if no Arrangement is made in writing 
by Mr. Elliott, signed for that purpose by his own hand, you 
are not to suffer a wagon to carry Whiskey for any man ; nor 
are you on any pretence whatever to make any arrangement 
with the Quartermaster-General or any one of that depart- 
ment ; each Department takes its chance." The teams here 
alluded to are the private property of the people who drive 
them, who had (as you have been already informed) quit car- 
rying to Greenville, and were dispersed before my arrival here 
on the 15th, and were prevailed on by my interference to 
rejoin that business. In order to accommodate the contrac- 
tors, and prevent disorder in engaging the teams (then up- 
wards of sixty in number), I had made a former agreement 
with Mr. Elliott, that the whole should be employed in their 
name, reserving a right to load ten each trip from Fort Ham- 
ilton, and to have the one-half for one trip only if it should be 
necessary, an order in Mr. Elliott's handwriting, directing 
Mr. Carousay to have the number mentioned given, for use 



2y8 LETTERS. 

of the public, was last evening presented to Mr. Day, but was 
not sufficiently explicit to justify his permitting "the thing to 
be clone." As Mr. Day must be convinced that all the wagons 
employed might be immediately engaged by the Quarter- 
master, it must also be his object, in order to add to his cata- 
logue another apology for the deficiencies at the outposts. 
As this is their principal mode of transporting flour at present, 
I shall give up my claim to any part of the teams, and en- 
deavor at the same time to prevent any ill consequences 
from attending the disappointment of the department. Your 
Excellency's letter of the 17th instant, containing your orders 
to the contractors, requiring supplies of provisions for the 
different posts, was handed to Mr. Day last evening, a copy of 
which I had received enclosed. I am not yet informed whether 
these orders are transmitted to Mr. Wilson or not, but this 
must be done. I have not received any further information 
respecting the invalid Dragoon Horses, but shall certainly 
attend to your orders on that point without delay. I have 
procured good pasture and forage at Columbia, in order to 
have them recruited, and shall dispose of them as may be 
judged most beneficial to the public and to the service. Your 
Excellency's orders respecting the escort are very agreeable, 
and will be properly applied. I now wait for the waters to 
rise to carry your very eligible plan of navigating the Miami 
to the Picquee Town into execution. Should this soon take 
place, the clothing being in handkerchiefs and large bales, 
may be transported in that way. Should it meet your appro- 
bation, and having directed the public teams to be filled up, 
they may be employed from Greenville to the landing to the 
best advantage. 

I have the honor to be, etc., 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 



LETTERS. 279 

Cincinnati, November 2, I794- 
5/;. ..—Enclosed you will receive further fair promises from 
Mr. Wilson. All communication with Mr. Day on public 
business being at an end, I cannot give the least information 
respecting the state of the provisions on the way, but I appre- 
hend it remains, as I have endeavoured to represent to your 
Excellency by my letters of the 23d and 30th ultimo. 

The Horses ordered to be purchased in Kentucky will cer- 
tainly be on very soon, and if any faith or credit remain due 
to the positive language of Mr. Wilson's enclosed letter, a 
large drove of Cattle must be also on, and shall move forward 
without loss of time. 

By letters from Pittsburgh I find that John Wilkins & Co. 
are the Contractors for next year, the provision to be deliv- 
ered at Fort Pitt and Washington, of which I expect you are 
officially informed. This circumstance I hope will be a means 
of relieving me from a situation which has become intolerable, 
as the new contractors may operate with the old if necessary, 
especially after the first of January. The prospect of navi- 
gating the Miami has become very fair by the present cloudy 
appearance of the weather, and will be attempted as soon as 
an escort will be ready for that purpose. 

I have the honor to be 
Your Excellencv's most obedient and humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 
[The Commander-in-Chief.] 

Fort Washington, November 8, I794- 
Sir: — I had the pleasure to write you on the 2d inst., cover- 
ing a letter of Mr. George Wilson's from Lexington, con- 
taining a flattering prospect of an immediate supply of Beef, 
which has not yet arrived. I have a number of boats now 
under way for Still Water, loaded with Corn and Whiskey ; 



28o LETTERS. 

they are bound to take in the clothing at Fort Hamilton 
should your Excellency please to order it on that way. The 
whole will rendezvous at that Post in four or five days, and 
must there wait your pleasure respecting the clothing and 
such escort as you may please to order. 

Should the difficulty of transporting the clothing from the 
mouth of Still Water to Greenville (which will require thirty 
wagons) induce you to defer ordering it by water, the private 
team may be engaged as proposed by my letter of the 23d. 
On their arrival at Headquarters, which will be about the 
17th, the corn, being very portable, may go on; an extra 
escort will be wanted even then, which I hope will be 
at Fort Hamilton soon as possible or orders for the quarter- 
master to have the boats immediately discharged. I expect 
the honor of writing you with more satisfaction in a few days. 
I am, Sir, 

Your most obedient and humble servant, 

James O'Hara, Q. M. G. 
[His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief.] 

Camp, Rostrave Township, November 8, 1794. 
Sir: — Information has been received that Mr. Elliott, one of 
the Contractors, has been lately killed by the Savages ; and 
Mr. Williams, his partner, has represented that this, without 
the aid of your department, may embarrass the measures for 
furnishing and forwarding the supplies required by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. As it is all-important that these supplies 
should be duly furnished and conveyed to the respective 
posts, I must request and advise that you will co-operate in 
the article of transportation as far as may be necessary. For 
this purpose you will understand yourself with the Agents of 
the Contractors, ascertain what they can or cannot do, and 
endeavor to supply what may be deficient. In doing this 



LETTERS. 281 

you will, of course, keep and furnish such a record and state- 
ment of the aid you give as will enable the United States to 
make the proper charges against the Contractors, who are 
bound by their contract to transport as well as to procure and 
issue the provisions. It is understood that in the course 
of the Campaign similar aids have been, from time to time, 
given by your department. Of these, also, the Treasury 
ought to have as accurate a view as is practicable ; otherwise 
the public will have to pay doubly for transportation — first in 
the price of the rations to the contractors, and secondly, in 
the expense of that which you furnish in aid of them. 

With consideration, etc., I am, your obt. servant, 

Alexander Hamilton. 
[James O'Hara, Esq., Quartermaster-General.] 

Fort Washington, November 9, 1794. 

Sir: — I am honored by yours of the 6th instant, and highly 
flattered by that polite testimony of your Excellency's approba- 
tion of my conduct respecting the supplies for the Legion. 

I wrote you on the 8th, by Express, and have now the pleas- 
ure to inform you that, on or before the 14th, six hundred 
Horses of the two departments, one hundred and sixty Cattle, 
and salt sufficient for the advanced Posts, will be at Green- 
ville. I sent an Express into Kentucky yesterday, and, at his 
return, two hundred fresh Horses shall set off from this place, 
and good information, at least, relative to further supply of 
Beef. Ten Boats will be at Hamilton, on the 12th, loaded 
with corn, flour and whiskey for Still Water. The private 
teams start to-morrow, entirely loaded with flour for Head 
Quarters. The clothing may be transported, by either land 
or water, by next return, as you will please to order. I hope 
those arrangements will enable your Excellency, at length, 
to have the advanced posts furnished with provisions agree- 
19 



282 LETTERS. 

able to your former orders ; the fiour for Head Quarters, 
Jefferson and St. Clair, will be complete in a short time. 
I am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, 

James O'Hara. 
[His Excellency the Commander-in-Chiee.] 



FROM HIS EXCELLENCY ANTHONY WAYNE. 

[To Colonel James O'Haka.] 

Headquarters, Greenville, Nov. 14, 1794. 
Str: — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several 
letters of the 3, 8, 9 inst., with enclosures ; and am happy to 
find that your perseverance and decision have at last put the 
contractor's department into operation. Upon the receipt of 
your letter of the 8th inst., I ordered a detachment under 
Captain Bradley to proceed to Hamilton as an escort to the 
boats and sent Captain Shrimm to the confluence of the 
Stillwater with Greenville creek in order to determine the 
state of the water, which he found to be eighteen inches 
lower than it was last spring at the place where the boats 
unloaded, and that it was impracticable for them to get to 
that place until a rise of water — in fact I suspected that 
was the case, because when we crossed Stillwater on Hartz- 
horn's road on the 2d inst., it was lower than I had ever seen 
it, nor was this creek much raised although the St. Mary's 
had overflowed its banks and was swimming to the horses 
and detachment that escorted the cattle to the Miami vil- 
lages at the usual crossing place between that Post and Fort 
Recovery on the 6th inst. ; so that it is now reduced to a 
certainty that supplies may be transported by water from 
Girty's Town to Forts Wayne and Defiance in boats carrying 
fifty or sixty barrels, built in the form of the Adventurer, 



LETTERS. 283 

which was sent from the Miami villages to Grand Glaize. I 
therefore wish you to have at least one dozen built after that 
construction and sent uploaded to Fort Hamilton, from whence 
they may proceed at a proper season to Lormies' stores and 
be transported on waggons to the St. Mary's along a fine, dry, 
level road, not exceeding ten miles distant, when they may 
be reloaded and proceed on their voyage to the aforesaid 
Posts. It was on waggons that we transported our pontoons 
or boats for the purpose of crossing the Delaware and North 
River during the late war— one of those pontoons would 
have carried an hundred or more barrels. I have ordered 
the boats to be unloaded at Hamilton and sent back to 
Washington. I think it's more than- probable by the time 
they return to Hamilton the creek will be in a proper state 
of navigation ; at least it was the case in the latter end of 
last November— which, from present appearances, will again 
be the case about the change of the moon, say on the 20th or 
25th inst. The clothing will be ordered on by the by the next 
return of the wagons, and for which a proper escort will be 
furnished. 

I received a letter from Mr. Charles Wilkins, dated Lexin^- 
ton, November 4, 1794, enclosing a copy of a contract made 
between Mr. Tench Coxe, Commissioner of the Revenue, 
and Alexander Scott and Matthew Ernest for supplying 
rations at Pittsburgh and Fort Washington. I really do not 
nor cannot understand it until I have official information of 
its being made and instructions upon the subject, neither of 
which have yet arrived. It will be necessary that Mr. Wilkins 
and Mr. George Wilson, as agents of the old and new Con- 
tractors, should attend immediately at Headquarters, perhaps 
it may be convenient for you to accompany them, in order 
that the present state and means of supplies, etc., may be 
properly understood. 



284 LETTERS. 

I have ordered Mr. Newman to be sent to this place under 
a proper guard, which may serve as an escort to you. Cap- 
tain Pierce will be directed to consult upon the occasion. 
Captain De Butts will trouble you with an invoice of certain 
articles of which we stand much in want. I pray you to 
procure them or let them be forwarded with Mr. Newman. I 
believe we have sufficient proof to establish the charge 
which will be exhibited against him. 

Wishing you a safe arrival, I am with sincere esteem, 
Your most obedient humble servant, 

Anthony Wayne. 

Headquarters, Greeneville, November 6, 1794. 
Sir: — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several 
letters of the 17th, 23d and 29th ultimo, with their respective 
enclosures ; and sincerely thank you for the part you have 
taken and the pointed manner in which you have detailed 
the defects upon the part of the Contractors in point of sup- 
plies for and at the respective posts, as also their deficiency 
of means of transport. The enclosed report of provisions at 
this place will best demonstrate the indispensable necessity 
of your utmost exertions to supply, or to compel the Contrac- 
tors' agents to supply, the rations mentioned in my letter of 
the 1 8th ult. At this moment we are on half allowance of 
beef, and even at that rate we have not six days' issues now 
on hand, you will therefore call upon the Contractors for beef 
cattle, and upon Captain Pierce, to furnish an escort to pro- 
ceed with them to this place, without a moment's delay. All 
the cattle that came in were sent to the advanced Posts — say 
250 head — except a small supply at each of the intermediate 
posts from Hamilton to Adams inclusive. All those Posts 
were destitute of beef at the time that supply was on the way, 
and until it arrived. One-fourth of those sent to the Miami 



LETTERS. 285 

villages were ordered to Fort Defiance, where I hope they 
have arrived, but there is not salt at either of those Posts to 
cure one thousand weight of beef, and should the Enemy deter- 
mine to persevere in hostilities, those cattle must inevitably 
be lost ; add to this that the pasture has totally failed, hence 
the immediate necessity of a full supply of salt, by the first 
convoy, and perhaps this will be the most favorable opportun- 
ity, as I have now at this place two hostages, one of them a 
chief of the Wyandots, until the return of a flag from San- 
dusky, which will be on or about the 20th inst. You will 
therefore, please to communicate the contents of this letter 
to the Contractors or their agents, and should you find any 
demur on their part in immediately furnishing the supplies 
called for, you are to supply the defect agreeably to the orders 
given you on the loth and i8th ultimo. 
I am, with esteem and respect, 

Your most humble servant, 
[Colonel James O'Hara.] Ant. Wayne. 

Fort Washington, September 16, 1794. 
Sir: — You will please to receive of Captain Peirce all the 
Quartermaster's stores and other public property delivered to 
him by Mr. Belli, and continue to perform the duty of Deputy 
Quartermaster-General until further orders. In order to 
prevent any deficiency in the Ordnance Department, I leave 
Mr. Hanagan and Mr. Oliver in the Quartermaster's stores, 
those gentlemen being well acquainted with the forms and 
method of doing the business, will enable you to attend to 
both departments till more permanent arrangements can be 
made, for which you will be allowed a reasonable compensa- 
tion in addition to your pay as Commissary of Military Stores ; 
being apprehensive that the clothing lately arrived is not in 
good order, you will have it immediately examined and 



286 LETTERS. 

repacked into casks and stored under cover at all events. 
Your knowledge of the different duties required of you and 
for which you will be accountable, render it unnecessary for 
me to be more particular in explaining them at present ; 
therefore in perfect confidence that the interest of the public, 
the dignity of the department and your own honor, are safe 
in your hands, and wishing you health and pleasure in the 
execution of those duties, 

I am your humble servant, 

James O'Hara, 

Quart cmiastcr-Gcucral. 
[Samuel Henley, Esq.] 

Greenville, November 14, 1794. 
Dear Sir: — I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 
9th, the friendly and polite attention you have uniformly 
shown to me and to my interests has impressed me with 
very warm sentiments of gratitude and personal esteem to- 
wards you, and with a strong desire of being favored with 
an opportunity of evincing, by a reciprocity of good offices, 
that I am neither insensible nor unworthy of your regard. 
Although I shall feel much regret at your departure from the 
army, at any period whilst I shall remain in it ; yet my friend- 
ship would not permit me to wish your stay one moment to 
the injury of your domestic happiness and interest. I have 
been long of opinion that your private concerns called you 
loudly into private life ; but I had hopes that your appoint- 
ment would be placed on a more liberal and respectable 
establishment ; such as might in some measure compensate 
for your relinquishment of other pursuits. I felicitate you 
most sincerely upon the happiness you will experience in 
carrying with you the releasing reflections of having dis- 
charged the miportant duties confided to you with ability and 



LETTERS. 287 

integrity, and to the entire satisfaction of all those whose 
approbation is desirable. I hope to have the pleasure of 
seeing you at the time mentioned in the General's letter — 
enclosed is the invoice of which he speaks. I hope you are 
aware that the drawing of the Federal lottery commences on 
the 22d of December ; sooner, if the tickets should be sold. 
Your convoy arrived this morning ; the cattle yesterday and 
before. 

Believe me to be, dear sir. 

Your sincere friend, 

W. De Butts. 

[Colonel James O'Hara.] 

General Wilkinson. 

Nemat Calistai : — Kahela noolabindam alley m'bindamin 

K'langandawokan.? N'winga Kahama Kinemin, Kee, ock 

Kinashawshin (Sheeky aughque) ock abschy Meetchy Ki 

mitcheewouckan, ock miney K'wine, Shuck, thamsy alindy 

matta Gusky ninelay, uney Kisquee Paghaquike, qui Kwique 

indagh. 

Neeshee okunachoky uney, 

Imbahany. 

Brother Calistai: — Yes I rejoice because we hear you 
make peace .'' I am willing, if we know, you go, and shall take 
care (assuredly) and always. Already your provisions I have 
gathered here, and fit for you to eat. But sometime some 
if not to-day certainly, a guide about Noon goes to visit to- 
wards you; he will travel the road alone. 

Imbahany. 

[Original in the writing of James O'Hara, Quartermaster- 
General. Translated by Mary O'H. Darlington.] 



288 LETTERS. 

Headquarters, Greenville, 3 February, 1795. 
Str: — Agreeably to the verbal orders I gave you at this 
place, you will previously to your departure from Fort Wash- 
ington make the necessary and effectual arrangements for 
the transport of every species of supplies for the use of the 
Legion and for the respective posts and garrisons in every 
direction, as by the new Contract with Messrs. Scott & Ernest 
the public are to be the carriers of all the rations in future, 
from the general deposits at Pittsburgh and Fort Washington, 
add to this the defect on the part of the old Contractors of 
120,000 Rations from this place to the head of the Line, in- 
clusive; nor is there the least prospect of this deficiency 
being made up, as Mr. Wilson has not as yet sent forward 
but 15,800 rations of flour towards it, notwithstanding his 
promise to complete the whole by the 8th Instant. We have 
but twenty days issues of flour now at this place and but 
fifteen at Recovery; nor have we at this moment more than 
eight weeks' issues at any of our Posts. Hence you will have to 
commence the transport of provision under the New Contract 
earlier than what was expected — say, on the ist of March, 
i. e., in the course of three weeks, and of which you will 
please to give M. Wilkins (their agent) immediate Notice so 
as to have the flour part ready to deliver at Fort Washington 
on or before that day, agreeably to the orders given him on 
the 13th ultimo, to the end that advantage may be taken of 
the first rise of the waters upon the breaking up of the ice, 
& which from present appearances will soon be the case. 
I therefore wish you to have the boats in readiness at Ham- 
ilton, etc., for the transport to this place and Lormies' Stores, 
& hold the wagons and pack-horses in readiness for the 
portages at the shortest notice, with proper persons to super- 
intend and direct the water & land carriage, so that there 
may be no time lost upon any occasion whatever, and send 



LETTERS. 289 

forward Mr. Sharp upon sight to build the boats for the St. 
Mary's. 

The prospect of a General Treaty of Peace, with all the 
Hostile tribes of Indians North West of the Ohio on or about 
the 13th of June, renders it expedient that you repair to 
Philadelphia via Pittsburgh as soon as you have made the 
arrangements before mentioned, in order to procure and 
forward the articles wanted in your department for the present 
year, as also the Indian goods and articles wanted for the 
pending treaty, agreeably to the invoice, provided it meets 
the approbation of government upon being presented to the 
Secretary of War. 

In the interim it will be indispensably necessary that you 
forward (from your own private Stores at Pittsburgh), a tem- 
porary supply of clothing, Wampum, etc., for the use of such 
deputies as will naturally be coming in with overtures from 
the different tribes of Indians, between this time and the day 
appointed for holding the General Treaty. Had I the means 
I would prefer separate treaties, in order to avoid the idea of 
a General Confederacy, but the disposition of those people 
must be consulted. You will also please to forward all such 
Public Stores as may be at Pittsburgh for the use of the 
Legion and designed for this Quarter, belonging to your own 
and to the ordnance and Hospital departments, immediately 
upon your arrival there, in order to take advantage of the 
water transport to this place and to the head of the line, 
which you know we can't count upon after the Middle of 
April at furthest, either on the Miami or the Ohio, or the St. 
Mary's or Au Glaize ; this is an object of very considerable 
consequence and will save an immense expense, trouble and 
fatigue if timely attended to. 

I begin to feel very uneasy with respect to flour. The 
New Contractors have none at Washington, and the ice will 



290 LETTERS. 

prevent any from descend in<.^ the Ohio for some time yet; 
perhaps not before the middle of March; they therefore must 
purchase from the old Contractors at all events, and which 
might have been done with advantage to the Public and them- 
selves some time since ; perhaps it will not be the case now ; 
yet the thing must be done and the sooner the better. From 
this statement of facts you will see the absolute necessity of 
putting everything in a proper train before you leave Wash- 
ington. Among other Matters, provisional means ought to 
be directed for mounting the Dragoons in case it should be 
found expedient, and materials furnished for repairing the 
old furniture, to serve until new comes forward. Wishing 
you a safe and speedy arrival at Pittsburgh and Philadelphia 
(after you have put everything in a proper way) and a speedy 
return to this place, 

I am, with Sincere Esteem, 
Your most obt., humble servant, 

Anthony Wayne. 
[Col. James O'Hara, O. M. G.] 

Fort Washington, Feb. 8, 1795. 
Sir: — I am honored with your letter of the 3d instant and 
find your apprehensions, respecting the immediate transpor- 
tation of flour to headquarters but too well founded, none of 
that article having yet come to hand. The Ohio and Miami 
rivers being in very good order I was tempted to load and 
dispatch twelve Boats with corn for Still Water, and if they 
meet with no unforseen demurage, they may be returned to 
Hamilton and the mouth of the Miamis before the provisions 
will arrive for a second Cargo. The necessary and effectual 
arrangements shall be made for the transporting and furnish- 
ing the necessary provisions and every species of supplies 
for the Legion and for the respective Posts and Garrisons on 



LETTERS. 291 

the line before my departure from this Post, and preparation 
shall be made for carrying your Excellency's orders, respect- 
ing Massac, Fort Knox and Steuben, into immediate effect 
as soon as you will please to direct. By the enclosed papers 
you will see all the communication that I have had with the 
Agents of the new Contractors. My arrangements for form- 
ing further means of transportation and the rates of freight 
for Still Water established with the owners of Craft on that 
Service. 

Your Excellency will perceive the necessity of a covering 
Party at the landing of the cargoes ; as much depends on the 
Boats being instantly discharged, in order to meet the flour at 
the mouth of the Miami in due time. 

Mr. Mathews is ordered to attend to the receiving of the 
cargoes and forwarding the property to Headquarters. Mr. 
Donwoddie, with a few additional teams, will attend to the 
transportation and Mr. George Adams has charge of the 
public Boats now under way. 

The extravagant speculations held in View by the owners 
of the private teams that have been employed by the Con- 
tractors having rendered it absolutely necessary to erect a 
number of public teams for the road, I beg leave to submit 
the propriety of having the road from Hamilton to Recovery 
repaired soon as possible, being at present impassable for 
wagons. If the old road from Hamilton was cleared out and 
a few swamps Bridged or causway'd it would, in wet weather, 
be preferable to the new, at all events, it will be a good alter- 
nation. 

I have conversed with the old Contractors' agent here and 
have some reason to expect that they will yet furnish the 
stipulated quantity of provisions. They have sent on seventy- 
five fresh Horses, lately purchased, which will increase their 
whole number perhaps to one hundred and fifty and may be 
a means of supplying the outposts without delay. 



292 LETTERS. 

A number of Horses start to-morrow with a supply of iron, 
stationery and other stores for headquarters. 

The time of my going from this place being very uncertain, 
I may be yet honored with 3;our further commands, which, 
with those enjoined by your last letters, shall be religiously 
complied with. 

I have the honor to be with the most sincere attachment 
Your Excellency's most Ob't, Hum. Serv't, 

James O'Hara. 
[His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief.] 

TO COLONEL JAMES O'HARA, O. M. G. 

War Office, March 14, 1795. 

St'r: — On looking over the return of Indian goods on hand 
at Greenville, I am inclined to think that a small additional 
supply will suffice for the occasional demands of the Indians, 
until the treaty should be held for making peace. The follow- 
ing articles are all that I would have forwarded until the terms 
of purchase shall be settled here between you and the treas- 
ury department. About 400 calico shirts No. 8 ; the smallest 
trunk of linen shirts containing 189. Case No. 13 containing 
blue, green, brown and white, half thicks and two diaper rugs. 
The bale No. 15, containing twelve pieces of blue stroud, one 
piece of Scarlet stroud of 17 yards and one of blue contain- 
ing 15 yards. 

Seventeen hundred of black Wampum and the 53^ pounds 
of Vermillion. The whole should be examined, and particularly 
the woolens before they are forwarded ; there is much danger 
that woolens are moth eaten, as they have lain so long on 
hand. Nothing should be sent that is not in good order. 
Colonel Meigs will be employed to take charge of the goods 
in the Indian department, and perhaps of the clothing of the 



LETTERS. 293 

Army ; I expect if not now, that he will shortly be at Pitts- 
burgh. Should he not arrive in time, Major Craig may re- 
ceipt for them. I am your humble servant, 

Timothy Pickering. 

War Office, April 23, 1795. 

Sir: — The articles requisite to be purchased here in the 
quartermaster's department were selected, and the list thereof 
with the supposed prices yesterday presented to the treasury. 

I shall be obliged by your making out a list of Indian goods 
to the amount of twenty-five or thirty thousand dollars, assorted 
according to your opinion of the wants and conveniences of 
the Western Indians. I am Sir, your obedient servant, 

Timothy Pickering. 
[Colonel O'Hara.] 

Greenville, Sept. 21, 1795. 

Dear Sir: — I don't know whether my impatience to have the 
papers (now sent) dispatched from hence, equalled yours, but 
I am correct in assuring you it was very great. I could have 
wished the trunk to have gone sooner — and it had been ready 
waiting in the Quartermaster's possession for several days — but 
it was not thought expedient to send it before yesterday, as 
the dispatches for you could not follow it before to-day. I send 
the key by Captain Taylor, which I pray you to return after 
forcing open the trunk deposited in your stores at Washing- 
ton in 1793, and transferring its material contents into the one 
now sent. 

The General has received your letter of the 15th and I 
yours of the i8th instants ; they afforded the same satisfac- 
tion which your letters have uniformly imparted. 

A knowledge of Mr. Harragan's unadorned worth, renders 
his appointment in your department very pleasing to the 



294 LETTERS. 

General, and no attention in my power shall be wanting to 
give him support and confidence in his office. Mr. Clark's 
equipment, in your hands, was expected to be as respectable 
as the occasion required. His barge and crew — should they 
make a speedy voyage — may return time enough for a certain 
expedition ; this is to be wished, as the crew are chosen men 
and will in all probability be well trained. 

Mr. Caldwell has not yet applied ; your wishes respecting 
him shall be complied with. 

I think you will have not a disagreeable passage at this time 
to Pittsburgh ; the season is favorable and the equinox may 
perhaps afford you water sufficient. I congratulate you sin- 
cerely on your return to your family after your long and emi- 
nent services, and I wish you from my soul, every success 
which your most sanguine wishes may lead you to hope for, 
in the execution of the designs which shall for the future 
employ your attention. 

It appears rather problematical at this moment whether I 
shall ever be so fortunate as to derive advantage from your 
knowledge and experience by a partial union of our respective 
interests, and as I cannot at present advance anything new 
or decisive on this subject, I am constrained to be silent until 
I shall have the pleasure of again seeing you. I transmit 
enclosed with many thanks for the loan, three hundred and 
fifty-six dollars, the amount of my note in your hands. 

I hope you will have the goodness to write me a few lines 
before you leave Fort Washington, and be ever persuaded 
that the best and warmest wishes will attend you, of 

Dear Sir, yours with real esteem and friendship, 

De Butts. 
[Colonel James O'Hara.] 



LETTERS. 295 

Greenville, September 22, 1795. 
Dear Sir: — The business of yesterday, in despatching 
Captain Taylor with the General's packets for you, occupied 
my time so completely that I could scarce find enough to 
scratch the few lines I sent you by him, and induced me to 
keep one of his dragoons until this morning in order to have 
the pleasure of talking a little more to you. I received un- 
feigned pleasure in reading and transmitting the General's 
letter of yesterday to you. So just and so full a testimony 
of your abilities and conduct, of his approbation and friend- 
ship, I am sure you will consider as the dearest reward that 
an officer can receive for his public labors. A copy of it, and 
of yours of the 25th ultimo to the General, are contained in 
the dispatches you carry forward, accompanied by a long 
paragraph, in one of his public letters, expressive of the 
regret he feels at your retiring from the service, of the entire 
confidence he has always so justly placed in your worth and 
conduct, of the high sense he entertains of your ability and 
resource, and of his fears lest the office should not be filled 
by a successor of equal merit. These are tributes, my dear 
sir, that will ever attend worth and virtue, and administer the 
sweetest satisfaction, not only to the object to whom they are 
offered, but to all those who are interested in our fame and 
happiness. What would you think of the General's partial 
regard for and opinion of me when, almost in the same sen- 
tence in which he pronounces your eulogium, he should pro- 
pose me as your successor } However strange and unexpected 
the thing may appear, the fact is so ; and he has fortified his 
recommendation with so many flattering expressions, and so 
much further strengthened them by his voluntary responsi- 
bility for my conduct at the head of the department, that I 
shall not be much surprised should I really be appointed. 
He deems it advisable that I should acquaint you, in con- 



296 LETTERS. 

fidence, with this circumstance, as he imagines your regard 
for me would interest you in the issue, and you may be per- 
suaded my reliance on your friendship and judgment antici- 
pated the advice. I shall say nothing further to you but to 
request that if my name should occur during your intercourse 
with the Secretary of War on the subject of your vacancy, 
that you would be good enough to advise me with your observa- 
tions on the occasion. This matter is intended, for the 
present, to rest silent in the General's, in yours, and in the 

breast of 

Your sincere friend, 

De Butts. 
[Colonel O'Haka.] 

Philadelphia, February 24, 1797. 
. Si7\- — A Regiment of Troops is ordered to rendezvous at the 
mouth of the Big Miamis on or before the 20th of April next,, 
from whence, after a few days' halt, they will be marched by 
the most direct route to Knoxville in the State of Tennessee. 
I give you this reasonable information of the movement for 
your accommodation and have to require that you may take 
the necessary arrangements for provisioning the troops, at 
mouth of the Miami and on the march, at such times and 
places as Lieutenant-Colonel Butler may regulate with you. 
With respect, I am. Sir, 

Your most obedient servant, 

Ja. Wilkinson, B. General. 
[Colonel James O'Hara.] 

Treasury Department, 
Comptroller's Office, December 28, 1798. 
Sir: — Your accompt as Deputy Quartermaster-General at 
Fort Washington for services performed and supplies pur- 



LETTERS. 297 

chased to the 30th of June, 1796, has been adjusted at the 
Treasury, and the amount disbursed found to be ninety-nine 
thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven dollars and ninety- 
nine cents, which will be passed to the credit of James 
O'Hara, Esq., late Quartermaster-General in the books of 
the Treasury. 

The amount of the Abstracts, on which this settlement is 
predicated, is one hundred thousand three hundred and 
seventy-seven dollars and eight cents ; is six hundred and 
forty-nine dollars and nine cents more than the amount above 
stated, and arises from the following deductions, viz : 

This sum being the amount of sundry errors, ^25.23 ; this 
sum being the amount for public horses sold, ^508.86 ; this 
sum being an advance to Captain Shaumburg, pursuant to 
General Wilkinson's Warrant, which is referred to the War 
Department for settlement, $100 ; this sum being a payment 
for services performed in September, 1796, which will here- 
after constitute a credit to the present Quartermaster- 
General, as per receipt in his favor, $18. Difference above 
stated, $649.09. 

I am. Sir, very respectfully. 

Your obedient servant, 

James Steele, Comptroller. 
[Daniel Haragan, Esq., Deputy Quartermaster-General, 

Fort Washington, Northwestern Territory.] 

Treasury Department, 
Comptroller's Office, Oct. 11, 1797. 
Sir: — Your account as late Quartermaster-General, for dis- 
bursements made at Philadelphia, by your Agent, Samuel 
Hodgdon, from the ist of January to the 30th of June, 1796, 
has been adjusted at the Treasury, in consequence of which, 
the amount so disbursed, being $10,816.70, will be passed to 



298 ' LETTERS. 

your credit in the books of the treasury. Your account in 
the capacity aforesaid, for disbursements made at Pittsburgh 
by your deputy, Isaac Craig, from the ist of February to the 
14th of October, 1796, has also been adjusted at the Treasury, 
and the amount so disbursed found to be ^30,064. 12, which 
will likewi,se be passed to your credit in the books aforesaid. 
I am, Sir, very respectfully 

Your obedient servant, 
"^ James Steele, Coinpt. 

[James O'Hara, Esq.] 

New York, May 12, 1799. 

Sir: — If you has^e not previously been apprised of it, it is 
proper you should be informed that an Act of Congress of 
March last entitled "An Act for the better organizing- the 
troops of the United States and for other purposes," contains 
the following provisions : 

Section 19. That a ration of provisions shall henceforth 
consist of eighteen ounces of bread or flour, or when neither 
can be obtained, of one quart of rice or one and a half pounds 
of sifted or riddled Indian meal, one pound and a quarter of 
fresh beef, or one pound of salted beef, or three-quarters of 
a pound of salted pork, and when fresh meat is issued, salt at 
the rate of two quarts for every hundred rations ; soap at the 
rate of four pounds, and candles at the rate of a pound and 
a half for every hundred rations : Provided always, that there 
shall be no diminution of the ration to which any of the 
troops now in service may be entitled by the terms of their 
enlistment. 

" Section 22. That it shall be lawful for the Commander-in- 
Chief of the Army, or the commanding officer of any separate 
detachment or garrison thereof, at his discretion to cause to 
be' issued from time to time to the troops under his command, 



LETTERS. 299 

out of such supplies as shall have been provided for the pur- 
pose, in quantities not exceeding half a gill of rum, whiskey 
or other ardent spirits, to each man per day, excepting in 
cases of fatigue service or other extraordinary occasions, and 
that whensoever supplies thereof shall be on hand, there shall 
be issued to the troops vinegar at the rate of two quarts for 
every hundred rations. 

These provisions are, of course, to govern your future issues. 
But as the promise with regard to troops who may have en- 
listed on the stipulation of a different ration may require cir- 
cumspection on the application of the new rule, the command- 
ing officer must concert with you this application. 
With consideration, I am. Sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

Alexander Hamilton. 
[James O'Hara, Esq., Contractor, Pittsburgh.] 

LETTER FROM GENERAL HAMILTON TO 
JAMES O'HARA, ESQ. 

New York, November 7, 1799. 

Sii': — The recruiting rendezvous in Virginia are : i. New 
London ; 2. Powhatan Courthouse ; 3. Petersburgh ; 4. Suffolk 
and Kemperville, either or both for one ; 5. City of Richmond ; 
6. Williamsburgh ; 7. Acomac Courthouse ; 8. Northumberland 
Courthouse; 9. Bowling Green ; 10. Culpepper Courthouse; 
II. Fauquier Courthouse; 12. Leesburgh ; 13. Fredericks- 
burgh ; 14. Charlotteville ; 15. Winchester ; 16. Staunton ; 17. 
Fincastle ; 18. Abingdon; 19. Moorefield; 20. Morgantown. 

The rendezvouses in Maryland are : Georgetown, Hagers- 
town, Porto Bacco, Annapolis, Fredericktown, Easton, City of 
Baltimore, Centreville, Elkton, Close. 

In Delaware the rendezvouses are : Wilmington, Dover, and 
New Castle. 



300 LETTERS. 

In Pennsylvania they are : Wyoming, Reading, North- 
umberland, Philadelphia, Lancaster, Bristol, Yorktown, 
Carlisle, Lewistown, Bedford, Greensburgh, Washington, 
Pittsburgh. 

Some changes may have taken place, which you will learn 
from the particular officers. There are two companies at 
Fort Mifflin, one company on the Schuylkill, two at Norfolk, 
and one at Baltimore. It is intended to station three regi- 
ments at Harper's Ferry on the Potomac, and a battalion of 
artillery too. But the difficulty of obtaining winter quarters 
at this place may cause two of the regiments to be stationed at 
Fredericktown, in Maryland, or Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, one 
or both of these places. The Seventh Regiment, under the 
command of Colonel Bentley, will pass the winter in the vicin- 
ity of Richmond. For more particular information concern- 
ing Virginia it will be proper to consult General Pinckney. 
With great consideration, I am Sir, 

Your obedient servant, 
[James O'Hara, Esq.] A. Hamilton. 

P. S. — By letter received this day, it appears that there 
will be no troops quartered at Fredericktown, but pretty cer- 
tain that one, Colonel Moore's, the loth, will be stationed at 
Carlisle. 



Note. — Fort Lafayette contains two barracks, three hexagonal towers 
in wood, containing artillery and powder magazine. The inclosure is com- 
posed of large pointed stakes, closed together, fifteen or sixteen feet high, 
the fort is square, of weak defence. 




1. Peter Andrain. 

2. James Ross. 
3 Ferry House. 

4. Morrow's Green Tree Tavern. 

5. *Adamson Tannehill. 

6. Samuel Ewalt. 

7. *Presley Neville. 

8. John Scull, where the first news- 
paper ever published west of the 
Allegheny mountains was printed. 

9. John Ormsby. 

lo. Samuel Sample's Tavern, where 



Washington stopped in 1770 and 
pronounced it "a very good house 
of entertainment." 

11. *John Neville. 

12. ''■■Isaac Craig. 

13. *Abraham Kirkpatrick. 
14 * James O'Hara. 

iv Col. Wm Butler's widow. 

16. Gen'l Richard Butler's widow. 

17. Wm Cecil, father of the late Mrs. 
Brewer. 

18 Dr. Nathaniel Bedford. 



19. Officers' qu 

20. Soldiers' ba 
the Fort its 
is included 

21. J. Marie, al 
22 Alexander , 

23. *John Gibi 
gan's speec 

24. *Major Joh 

25. The Redou 
doubt Alia; 
Grant in 1; 




/ 



y\ 



and 

s in Fort Fayette ; 
not laid down, but 
;se buildings, 
ird Jas. Ross, 
on. 

he bearer of Lo- 
!^ord Dunmore. 
An. 

the mouth of Re- 
built by Col. VVm. 
PriOiV to the Revo- 



lution, a log addition was mads to 
it, and it was converted into a very 
comfortable dwelling-house. John 
Neville occupied it after the Whis- 
key Insurrection, until he bought 
No. II in this list. 

26. Judge Brackenridge. 

27. Watson's Tavern. 

28. Charles Richards and 

29. Benjamin Richards, colored men, 
father and son, the former kept a 
good tavern. 



30. Black Bear Tavern. 

31. Presbyterian Church. 
32 Boat Yard. 

33. James Ross. 

34. James Robinson. 

35. General Wayne's Stables. 



Those marked thus 
the Revolution. 



■ were officers of 



ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLE- 
GHENY COUNTY— 1785 TO 1788. 



By William M. Darlington. 



1785. The earliest movement towards forming the county 
of Allegheny appears to have been in the year 1785, when, on 
Monday, the 7th day of March, in the General Assembly of 
Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, " A petition from a number of 
the inhabitants of the town of Pittsburgh and county adjoining, 
within the counties of Westmoreland and Washington, was 
read, praying that part of the counties of Westmoreland and 
Washington may be erected into a new county, and that the 
seat of justice may be fixed at the town of Pittsburgh, or 
upon the tract reserved by the State, on the west side of the 
Allegheny." The petition was laid on the table, nor does it 
appear that it was taken up for consideration during that 
session. 

The representatives from Westmoreland, William Findley, 
Thomas Morton and William Todd, probably were opposed to 
it. On September 2, 1786, a like petition was presented to 
the Assembly, read and laid on the table. The term of the 
Assembly ended at the close of the same month. 

In October following, at the general election, Hugh H. 
Brackenridge, of Pittsburgh, William Findley and James 
Barr were chosen members from Westmoreland County for 
the ensuing year. 

The first session of the next House of Representatives 
opened at Philadelphia, October 23, 1786. 

(301) 



302 ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 

The returns from Westmoreland County were not received 
until November 2d. Mr. Brackenridge took hi.s seat in the 
House on the 13th of November. On the i6th of the same 
month " Petitions from a considerable number of the inhab- 
itants of the counties of Westmoreland and Washington, 
read in the late and former House of Assembly, March 7, 
1785, and September 2d last ; praying a part of the said coun- 
ties may be created into a new county" were presented to the 
chair, read and ordered to lie on the table. On the 21st they 
were taken up, read the second time and referred to Messrs. 
Ross, of Lancaster ; Piper, of Bedford County ; Finley, of 
Westmoreland ; Brackenridge, of Pittsburgh, in Westmore- 
land County ; Flenniken, of Washington County ; Gilchrist, 
of Fayette County, and Carson, of Dauphin. 

On the 29th of November the report of the Committee was 
read the first time, and on the next day, the 30th, a second 
time, and adopted as follows, viz. : The Committee on the 
Petition joraying that a new county be laid off, comprising the 
town of Pittsburgh, are of opinion that it may be expedient, 
and offer the following resolution : 

Resolved, That a new county be laid off by the following- 
boundaries, viz. : Beginning on the Ohio River, at the mouth 
of Flaharty's Run, and thence with a direct line to a point on 
Chartier's River, two miles below the mouth of Miller's Run, 
and thence with a direct line to the Monongehela River, at 
the mouth of Youghiogheny River, and with that river to the 
mouth of Turtle Creek, and with that creek to the mouth of 
the most northerly branch, and with that branch to the head, 
and from the head of said branch to the head of Plumb Run, 
and with that run to the Allegheny River, and ascending 
that river to the boundary of Northumberland County, at the 
mouth of Conewago River, and with that river to the 
northern boundary of the State, if the said river shall extend 



ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 303 

SO far, or if it shall not extend so far, then with a north line 
to the said northern boundary, and with the said boundary to 
the western boundary of this State, and with that line to the 
Ohio River, and with that river to the place of beginning. 

Your committee also taking into view the value it will give 
to the tract of land reserved by this State on the west of the 
Ohio and opposite the town of Pittsburgh, to have the seat of 
justice located on that tract, and also that but small segments 
have been taken from the counties of Westmoreland and 
Washington on this side the Ohio to the new county, offer a 
further resolution : 

Resolved, That the seat of justice be located on the said 
reserved tract, and that in the meantime, until a courthouse 
and gaol can be built on the said tract, the courts shall be 
held in the town of Pittsburgh, and the commissioners of the 
county shall be empowered to rent convenient buildings for a 
courthouse and gaol, at the expense of the county ; that the 
sum to be expended in building a courthouse and gaol shall 
not exceed £ . 

Ordered, That Mr. Ross, Mr. Piper, Mr. Findley, Mr. 
Brackenridge, M. Flennikin, M. Gilchrist, and M. Carson be 
a committee to bring in a bill agreeably to the foregoing 
resolution. 

On December 6th the committee reported a bill, which was 
read the first time and ordered to lie on the table. 

December 8th, the bill was read a second time and debated 
by paragraphs. It was then ordered to be transcribed, and in 
due time printed for public consideration. Nothing further 
was done with the Act that session of the Assembly, which 
adjourned on December 30th, until February 20, 1787, sat 
until the 29th of March, and then adjourned to the 4th day 
of September next. 

On the 7th of September, 1787, it was, on motion of Mr. 



304 ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLEGHENV COUNTV, 

Brackenridge, seconded by Mr. D. Clymer, ordered that the 
bill be called for reading on Friday next (14th inst.). On 
Saturday, September 8th, Mr. Brackenridge presented peti- 
tions from 1,363 inhabitants of Washington County, praying 
that the lines of the new county proposed might be extended 
so that they might be annexed. On September 13, 1787, 
petitions from 753 inhabitants of the counties of Westmore- 
land, Washington and Fayette were read, praying parts of the 
said counties may be erected into a new county. Ordered to 
lie on the table. On the 14th, the bill being the order of the 
day, was read the third time, and on the question "Will the 
House take up the same for debating by paragraphs .-' " And 
upon reading it over a long debate occurred. Mr. Whitehill 
opposed it ; he thought something should be done to show 
the propriety or necessity of passing it before going further 
with it ; he thought the expense would be too great for the 
population. He said it was too late to run the boundaries, 
the people could not be informed before the next election. 
Mr, Brackenridge, in reply, urged the disadvantages of the 
distance of the courthouses of Washington and Westmore- 
land from the centre of population. At the erection of Wash- 
ington County, Pittsburgh expected to be made the seat of 
justice, but it was not obtained, though they deserved it. 
Mr. Wright opposed it on account of the small population 
and the expense. He remarked, " Will five hundred people 
be able to support the expense, especially if we consider the 
law laying out a town on the Allegheny River and the Ohio .'' 
The people will all have to cross the river to attend the courts, 
the county town and gaol being on the west side, and there 
is not a soul to commit unless it is the bears, for there is not 
a soul living on that side of the river Ohio." Mr. D. Clymer 
referred to a petition sent in to fix the new county seat at 
Milmont, near the habitation of Mr. De Vore. The question 



ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 305 

was now put on taking the bill up by paragraphs, when the 
yeas were 25, nays 33. 

On October 22, 1787, the Assembly convened at Philadel- 
phia. At the late election Mr. Brackenridge was not a candi- 
date, Messrs. Findley and Barr, old members, with John 
Irwin, new, were the representatives from Westmoreland. 
From Washington the old members were chosen. On No- 
vember 20th, a petition of a committee chosen by the inhabi- 
tants of Pittsburgh and the neighboring county was read, 
referring to the petition to former members of Assembly, and 
praying that the parts of the counties of Westmoreland and 
Washington may be erected into a new county, and by special 
order the same was read a second time. Ordered that it be 
referred to Mr. Clymer, Mr. Lewis, Mr. Lowrey, Mr. G. 
Heister, Mr. Findley, Mr. Irvine, Mr. McDowell, Mr. Philips 
and Mr. Schott to report thereon. 

On the 2ist of November, the petitions read in the last 
House of Assembly, on the 13th of September, were presented 
to the chair and read and referred to the above committee. 

On the 27th of November the report read on the 21st was 
read the second time, and the further consideration of it post- 
poned. The committee again reported on the 29th. Ordered 
to lie on the table. Nothing further on the subject was 
brought up during the remainder of the session. The As- 
sembly adjourned on the 29th of November to the 19th of 
February, 1788. 

February 23, 1788. A petition from 90 inhabitants of the 
county of Washington was read, remonstrating against the 
petitions presented to this and former Houses of Assembly, 
for erecting parts of the counties of Westmoreland, Washing- 
ton and Fayette into a separate county and establishing the 
seat of justice for the same at the town of Pittsburgh, and 
suggesting the propriety, in case it should be deemed ex- 



306 ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION t)E ALLECHENV COUNTY. 

pedient to erect a new county, that the courts of justice may 
be established at the mouth of l^eaver Creek, or at Old Lo<is- 
town. 

Ordered to lie on the table. 

March 22, 1788. The House resumed the consideration of 
the report postponed November 27th last on the petitions of a 
number of the inhabitants of the counties of Westmoreland 
and Washington and appointed a committee to decide on the 
boundaries of a new county. 

The committee reported March 26th. 

Ordered to lie on the table. 

House adjourned March 29, 1788. 

House met September 2, 1788. 

September 9th. Petitions presented from 700 inhabitants of 
the county of Westmoreland were read, praying that the bill 
entitled " An Act for erecting parts of the counties of West- 
moreland and Washington into a separate county," may be so 
amended as not to extend further up the Youghiogheny than 
Crawford's sleeping place and from thence by a straight line 
to the mouth of Plum Creek on the Allegheny River. Ordered 
to lie on the table. 

September i ith. Ordered that Tuesday next be assigned for 
the third reading of the bill entitled " An Act for erecting 
parts of the counties of Westmoreland and Washington into a 
separate county," and that it be the order of the day. 

September i6th. The bill was read the third time and the 
further consideration postponed until Saturday. 

September 19th. Petitions from 1,573 inhabitants of the 
counties of Westmoreland and Washington were read, praying 
that the bill may be passed into a law. Ordered to lie on the 
table. 

September 22d. A petition from a number of the inhab- 
itants of the county of Washington was read. Ordered to lie 
on the table. 



ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 307 

September 24th. The bill entitled "An Act for erecting 
certain parts of the counties of Westmoreland and Washing- 
ton into a separate county," having been brought in engrossed, 
was compared at the table, enacted into a law and the Speaker 
directed to sign the same. 



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